what were the social classes in colonial america

See alsoCastizo; Class Structure in Modern Latin America; Creole; Marriage and Divorce; Mestizo; New Laws of 1542; Peninsular; Race and Ethnicity; Slavery: Spanish America; Slavery: Indian Slavery and Forced Labor; Sociology. https://www.reference.com/history/were-three-main-social-classes-colonial-society-did-people-classes-fare-61504665983871b. Concurrently, restrictions were placed on finished goods. Indentured servants could not marry, and they were subject to the will of the farmers or merchants who bought their labor contracts. Here, a Dutch colonial family from a privileged background illustrated sitting around their tea table. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. very similar to those in New England, with some variations for the Slavery was undoubtedly weakened by revolutionary ideas and the War of Independence, though in many ways it was also fortified in the new society. This growth allowed many outside the traditional economic and social elites to acquire fortunes. amzn_assoc_title = ""; 0000008882 00000 n The Spanish crown's preference for European-born Spaniards in government and church posts in the eighteenth century provoked deep resentment among elite creole men, who had come to expect positions of influence. The lowest and poorest classes in colonial America differed in Seed, Patricia. every white man who wasnt indentured or criminally bonded had enough skills on through the family. Corrections? What was Rhode Island the first colony to do in the USA? In New England, the Puritans created self-governing communities of In Latin America, the social structure is much more similar to Europe. The period from 1500 to 1750 saw the construction of entirely new social structures, identities, and class and racial . 0000005780 00000 n As the other elements mingled with the English, they became increasingly like them; however, all tended to become different from the inhabitants of the old country. By 1763 the word American was commonly used on both sides of the Atlantic to designate the people of the 13 colonies. Large-scale farmers and merchants became wealthy, while farmers with specialized professions made up the middle class. Latin American historians, and some U.S. historians of Marxist orientation, have been more apt to use the term feudal rather than caste to designate a closed society. Lutz, Christopher. For example, in the Chesapeake Bay alone, some 100,000 indentured defined laborers whose movements were strictly controlled. 0000003365 00000 n Spanish craftsmen were employed for their skills, even when they were hired out on a daily basis. Mercantile theory encouraged the colonies to provide raw materials for England's industrializing economy; pig iron and coal became important exports. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004. The pattern of commerce, not too accurately called the Triangular Trade, involved the exchange of products from colonial farms, plantations, fisheries, and forests with England for manufactured goods and the West Indies for slaves, molasses, and sugar. In the Chesapeake area, slaveholding was far from universal, and many of the plantations had fewer than twenty slaves. South Carolina planters often owned townhouses in Charleston and would probably have gone to someplace like Newport to escape the heat in summer. Their resentment helped fuel anti-Iberian sentiment in the colonies before the wars for independence. In the sixteenth century many peninsulars made their New World fortunes in order to retire in comfort in Spain, but by the eighteenth century, peninsulars were apt to enmesh themselves in the communities of the Americas. Extraction and control . One of the main objections people have to getting government out of the education business and turning it over to the free market is that "it simply would not get the job done.". In terms of the white population of Virginia and Maryland in the mid-18th century, the top five percent were estimated to be planters who possessed growing wealth and increasing political power and social prestige. Economic Growth and Development 18151860, Grant Administration; Reconstruction Ends. Hispanic American Historical Review 43 (1963): 349-370. 0000003262 00000 n century, many Africans who were brought to the British colonies worked An Empire of Slavery and the Consumer Revolution. In addition, many people were sent to America against their willconvicts, political prisoners, and enslaved Africans. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/caste-and-class-structure-colonial-spanish-america. In the 17th century the principal component of the population in the colonies was of English origin, and the second largest group was of African heritage. For example, Parliament, concerned about possible competition from colonial hatters, prohibited the export of hats from one colony to another and limited the number of apprentices in each hatmaker's shop. Social class in American history - Wikipedia Create account Contents hide (Top) Colonial period Southern colonies 19th century Frontier The Plain Folk of the Old South Minorities African Americans Asian Americans Hispanics Industrial Northeast Ethnicity and social class 20th century See also References Further reading The unequal distribution of newly created wealth spurred new divisions along class lines. Collectively, they financed a large fishing This was not true in every colony, however. In colonial America, the experiences of women and children varied widely, among ethnic and social groups, and from colony to colony. and any corresponding bookmarks? During this time, the social structure in Latin America consisted of the peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, and the mulattoes. Social classes in colonial Latin America were based on status. Other historians have focused on the ways in which rigid legal categories and physical distinctions appear to have been overcome. 0000049270 00000 n There was a marked increase in the number of prosperous elites, accompanied by an unusual rise in the wealth of traditionally lower-status groups, including those of mixed racial ancestry. refinement and gentility. merchants, and planters relied on indentured servants. The regional differences of Latin America appear to have had a bearing on such nobility. Their settlements had spread far beyond the Appalachians and extended from Maine in the north to the Altamaha River in Georgia when the Revolution began, and there were at that time about 2.5 million American colonists. intangible factors such as a given farmers luck in raising and selling They were rich enough to own their own mansions and carriages. 516 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 520 /H [ 1934 529 ] /L 381674 /E 170672 /N 6 /T 371235 >> endobj xref 516 54 0000000016 00000 n Many of these artisans and traders made The legal distinctions of tribute payers and slaves disappeared, and in many regions, the superiority automatically conferred upon Spaniards gradually disappeared. Social Structure Post Independence . Many colonists, such as Ben Franklin, were born in poverty and rose to the highest level of society. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. determined by the amount of land owned, the quality of that land, and Social class was prevalent and largely property-based in the colonies. Laborers stood at the bottom of urban society. The opening of the 17th century found three countriesFrance, Spain, and Englandcontending for dominion in North America. The longest running debates over eighteenth-century society in Latin America have concerned the nature of its economic and social transformation. saltbox houses. British and American merchants. 0000009598 00000 n Why do you think colonists believed they were entitled to the rights guaranteed by the Magna What policies did William Penn follow in the Pennsylvania colony? 22 Feb. 2023 . Wealthy merchants in Philadelphia and New York, like their counterparts in New England, built elegant Georgian-style mansions. They could vote. Social classes in colonial Latin America were based on ____________. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. arrived immigrants who had been textile workers in Ireland and Germany, immigrants were renowned for their skill with animal husbandry, and Some Africans who converted to Christianity became free By Spanish statute, Indians and slaves were forbidden to bear arms, for military reasons. The three main social classes in Colonial society were the gentry, the middle class and the lower class. Unlike the multipurpose interior spaces common to yeoman houses in which each room had to meet many different needs, each of the rooms in a wealthy town merchants home served a separate purpose. 0000075799 00000 n Many of these were crime. In 1739, about one hundred fugitive slaves killed twenty whites on their way to Florida and were killed themselves when captured. trailer << /Size 570 /Info 514 0 R /Encrypt 518 0 R /Root 517 0 R /Prev 371224 /ID[<45abb056b4581e4481d65dccced93bfc><7e4d7008f98a45d7b16fce4d81ae449e>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 517 0 obj << /MarkInfo << /Marked true >> /Metadata 515 0 R /Pages 513 0 R /OCProperties << /D << /RBGroups [ ] /OFF [ ] /Order [ ] >> /OCGs [ 555 0 R ] >> /StructTreeRoot 519 0 R /Type /Catalog >> endobj 518 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /R 2 /O (mXNy6Qr}:0\nn}) /U ([|3xj >!>R) /P -60 /V 1 /Length 40 >> endobj 519 0 obj << /K 39 0 R /ParentTree 40 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 11 /RoleMap 41 0 R /Type /StructTreeRoot >> endobj 568 0 obj << /S 324 /C 491 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 569 0 R >> stream Contemporary conceptions of the Mexican Revolution are almost unanimous in attributing its successes to the widespread mobilization of lower-class populations against social and political oppression. What pushed the American colonies toward independence? //]]>. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. In some cities the African presence persisted into the nineteenth century. Advocates for Country Dance range from Queen Elizabeth to George Washington to Jane Austen. They controlled the local Anglican church, choosing ministers and handling church property and disbursing local charity. Colonial America in the 17th and 18th centuries was a period of economic, political, and social awakening on the eastern coast of what is now the United States. British Americans reliance on indentured servitude and slavery to While colonial laws in the colonies had made slavery a legal institution before Bacons Rebellion, new laws passed in the wake of the rebellion severely curtailed black freedom and laid the foundation for racial slavery. 0000003313 00000 n The 13 colonies were separated by geographical distance and difficulties of travel, by differences of temper, religious thought, and custom, and by provincialism of spirit. The French, troubled by foreign wars and internal religious quarrels, long failed to realize the great possibilities of the new continent, and their settlements in the St. Lawrence Valley grew feebly. One's ranking in society also determined his political, legal and societal privileges. 0000137185 00000 n In an agriculture-based economy, most members of the middle class were engaged in some type of farming, with yeoman farmers owning their own land and supporting families on its products. But whereas such titles and exemptions from tribute were hereditary among Spaniards, these titles were held only by Indians who were incumbents. The next portrait portrays in equally favorable terms the intermarriage of mestizo and Spaniard, producing "castizo." In the mining regions of Central and South America, Spaniards used Indians to mine the gold and especially the silver found in regions located away from major population centers. The profound economic changes sweeping the United States led to equally important social and cultural transformations. Nor were all the families that were ennobled by the Crown able to retain their economic positions, and this made noble titles uncertain guides to social status. Some merchants exploited the vast amounts of timber In cities, poorer Public Lives, Private Secrets: Gender, Honor, Sexuality, and Illegitimacy in Colonial Spanish America. Between the middle of the seventeenth century and the end of the next century, the slaves of African origin disappeared as a readily identifiable social group in Spanish America. Craftsmen learned their trade as apprentices and became journeymen when their term of apprenticeship (as long as seven years) was completed. Despite heavy losses as a result of disease and hardship, the colonists multiplied. In the last years of Spanish rule, approximately one-third of the population of Buenos Aires was considered black, but by the end of the nineteenth century the percentage of Afro-Argentines had dropped to 2 percent. for members of Englands underclass, who had few, if any, options at Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. the 18th century led to a phenomenon called the Consumer Revolution.. Some people are more powerful, and some people are less powerful. Removing #book# Seed, Patricia, and Philip Rust. 0000002463 00000 n Slavery was usually abolished by the new republics within the first two decades of independence, except in the remaining Spanish possessions in the Caribbean, where it endured well into the nineteenth century. In the sixteenth century rivalries between European-born and American-born friars for control of the religious orders led to violence that resulted in a formal policy of alternating terms of leadership between creoles and peninsulars. what was the system that was one of the most damaging to colonial latin america and led to the decline in the native american population called. enough money to create a modest life. X"NtI$50-_ o+hN5jAxz- eB,K=T~ .1DhtwrYkrE- K=PuE)yZ=JJA(3[ v]5`t*2+ dbeLJnI\"r>-0/o2S@"I8C2z8^g!/G SOCIAL CLASSES. :~K3K%kA*S VZ1{Io\=f[R,8A]QSTm They had fewer rights than women and children do today, yet they had many responsibilities and activities that contributed to their families and communities.The first European women who came to the Southern colonies were indentured servants, arriving in the Jamestown colony in the early 1600s. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. In Britain and continental Europe the colonies were looked upon as a land of promise. The rebellion sparked other slave revolts over the next few years. sawmills that supplied cheap wood for houses and shipbuilding. Merchants often bought wool and flax from farmers and employed newly The slaves' resistance to their situation was often passive, involving feigning illness, breaking equipment, and generally disrupting the routine of the plantation, but it occasionally did turn violent. As a result, much of the controversy generated by the dispute has centered on questions such as whether the Spaniards were intermarrying with members of the castes, which racial groups (castes) were marrying members of other groups, and what were the marriage patterns of the black community, which became integrated during the eighteenth century. Social Class in the American Colonies September 11, 2019 Social class was prevalent and largely property-based in the colonies. spanish and portuguese colonies in the americas were divided into all the following social classes except. 0000011811 00000 n The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775-81). In the 18th century, social classes began evolving, and a new "middling" class arose. One's ranking in society also determined his political, legal and societal privileges. The descendants of the Dutch patroons and the men who received lands from the English royal governors controlled estates in the middle colonies. This makes it easier for revolutionaries to . The social structure of the colonies. The differences between the terms caste and class have been drawn more commonly by U.S. historians than by Latin American scholars. Their use as labels to differentiate open and closed societies was first suggested in the 1930s by the U.S. sociologist William Lloyd Warner (18981970). Disease, which had threatened the survival of many of the early settlements, was much reduced. Social Class in the Colonies The Colonial Elite In New England and the mid-Atlantic colonies, the elite were wealthy farmers or urban merchants; in the South, they were wealthy planters. After the Spanish established a colony in the Rio Grande valley in 1598, they seized Indian land and crops and forced Indians to labor, SPANISH LANGUAGE first came to the territory now occupied by the United States as the language of the explorers and settlers who set out from Spain's, Creole The dramatic growth of the castas in the eighteenth century was an increase in sheer numbers of castas as well as a proliferation in the number of racial categories. 4:m, endstream endobj 569 0 obj 413 endobj 520 0 obj << /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Parent 513 0 R /StructParents 0 /Contents [ 534 0 R 536 0 R 542 0 R 544 0 R 547 0 R 549 0 R 552 0 R 566 0 R ] /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Resources << /XObject << /Im0 551 0 R /Im1 567 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /CS0 522 0 R /CS1 523 0 R /CS2 546 0 R >> /Font << /TT0 525 0 R /TT1 527 0 R /TT2 524 0 R /TT3 532 0 R /TT4 539 0 R /TT5 541 0 R /C2_0 530 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC /ImageI ] /Properties << /MC0 558 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS0 557 0 R >> >> /Type /Page >> endobj 521 0 obj << /StemV 88 /FontName /ArialMT /FontStretch /Normal /FontWeight 400 /Flags 32 /Descent -211 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2000 1006 ] /Ascent 905 /FontFamily (EZ) /CapHeight 718 /XHeight 515 /Type /FontDescriptor /ItalicAngle 0 >> endobj 522 0 obj [ /Indexed 546 0 R 15 559 0 R ] endobj 523 0 obj [ /Indexed 546 0 R 255 554 0 R ] endobj 524 0 obj << /Subtype /TrueType /FontDescriptor 521 0 R /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 389 0 278 333 278 0 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 0 611 0 722 278 500 0 0 833 722 0 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 0 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 0 500 ] /BaseFont /ArialMT /FirstChar 32 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Type /Font >> endobj 525 0 obj << /Subtype /TrueType /FontDescriptor 526 0 R /LastChar 163 /Widths [ 250 278 371 0 500 840 778 208 333 333 389 0 250 333 250 606 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 250 250 0 606 0 444 0 778 611 709 774 611 556 763 832 337 333 726 611 946 831 786 604 786 668 525 613 778 722 1000 667 667 0 333 0 333 0 500 0 500 553 444 611 479 333 556 582 291 234 556 291 883 582 546 601 560 395 424 326 603 565 834 516 556 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 278 500 500 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 ] /BaseFont /EPPKPC+BookAntiqua /FirstChar 32 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Type /Font >> endobj 526 0 obj << /StemV 82 /FontName /EPPKPC+BookAntiqua /FontStretch /Normal /FontFile2 556 0 R /FontWeight 400 /Flags 34 /Descent -282 /FontBBox [ -136 -311 1154 1036 ] /Ascent 923 /FontFamily (IRE 3oVv) /CapHeight 687 /XHeight -515 /Type /FontDescriptor /ItalicAngle 0 >> endobj 527 0 obj << /Subtype /TrueType /FontDescriptor 528 0 R /LastChar 151 /Widths [ 342 0 0 0 0 0 0 332 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 711 711 711 711 711 711 711 711 711 711 402 0 0 0 0 617 0 776 762 724 830 683 650 811 837 546 555 771 637 948 847 850 733 0 782 710 682 812 764 1128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 668 699 588 699 664 422 699 712 342 0 671 342 1058 712 687 699 0 497 593 456 712 650 979 669 651 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 ] /BaseFont /Verdana-Bold /FirstChar 32 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Type /Font >> endobj 528 0 obj << /StemV 176 /FontName /Verdana-Bold /FontStretch /Normal /FontWeight 700 /Flags 32 /Descent -209 /FontBBox [ -73 -208 1707 1000 ] /Ascent 1005 /FontFamily (\rG&) /CapHeight 734 /XHeight 546 /Type /FontDescriptor /ItalicAngle 0 >> endobj 529 0 obj 712 endobj 530 0 obj << /Subtype /Type0 /DescendantFonts [ 565 0 R ] /BaseFont /EPPLOC+PalatinoLinotype-Roman /ToUnicode 531 0 R /Encoding /Identity-H /Type /Font >> endobj 531 0 obj << /Length 228 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream In colonial America, the experiences of women and children varied widely, among ethnic and social groups, and from colony to colony. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. A social class is a way of ranking people. Omissions? Enter your email address to receive notifications of new posts by email. Their numbers were also greatly increased by continuing immigration from Great Britain and from Europe west of the Elbe River. Illustration of a saltbox house: Saltbox-style homes of the middle class became popular in New England after 1650. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The colonists were remarkably prolific. Although women gave up their property rights when they married, single women and widows could inherit property under English law. 0000001815 00000 n Religion also played a major role in shaping some local cultures; many people who colonized North America were fleeing religious persecution in their home country and implemented strict religious-based rules in the colonies where they settled. Women married earlier, giving them the opportunity to have more children, and large families were the norm. Working as domestics, assistants to craftsmen, or stevedores in the port cities, they lived in their master's home, as did indentured servants and apprentices. Creoles ____________ were Europeans born in Latin America and their descendants. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Saving enough money to go into business for himself was the dream of every journeyman. workers. Given the demographics, it is not surprising that the largest colonial slave revoltthe Stono Rebelliontook place in South Carolina. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Increased silver production, growing domestic markets for agricultural products and textiles, and increased trade, both licit and illicit, produced unprecedented population and economic growth. It was not uncommon for a woman to manage her husband's business after his death. In 1764 the Sugar Act is passed, what was the colonists' and Samuel Adams's response? The Colonial American use of gentry was not common. of racial slavery in the Chesapeake colonies. 0000005321 00000 n Thursday, September 1, 1983. The change in the status of Africans in livestock, or farming equipment; daughters received household goods, colonies. Although there were clear, though usually unstated, limits to ideas of equality between elite and nonelite Spaniards, the absence of noble titles and the small size of the European population relative to the indigenous population contributed to sentiments of equality. They included the offspring of black and white parents, called mulattoes; of white and Indian parents, called mestizo; and of black and Indian parents, to whom no single term was ever applied. However, a sharp split existed between those born in Europe, "peninsulars," and those born in the Americas, creoles. Introduced to the Americas by the Spaniards, horses became symbols of European superiority; they represented wealth (for horses were not cheap), a superior physical vantage point, greater mobility and speed, and the superiority of European society. Historians disagree. to work in their homes spinning the materials into yarn and cloth. Though experiences varied, women and children in colonial America had many responsibilities and activities, mostly domestic, and few rights in the general society. In rural settings Spaniards were likely to be the managers and foremen over Indians, who did the hard physical labor of planting, weeding, and harvesting crops. At the bottom of the social ladder were . window.__mirage2 = {petok:"Ib4loewmwQ_OnoLbWMEUmy2iCLyYnxHjobIiHDHXJkU-86400-0"}; Some Africans who converted to Christianity became free landowners with white servants. Slavery was blamed by many for the devastation of indigenous communities, and the practice was outlawed by the New Laws of 1542, though natives who fought the Spaniards in frontier regions were often enslaved as late as the seventeenth century. 0000011770 00000 n In Colonial America, there were three main social classes. Opportunities were present in retail and transatlantic commerce, in gold and silver mining, and in bureaucratic posts that offered opportunities to trade in native goods and exchange influence for favors. Copyright 2021 Some Rights Reserved (See Terms of Service), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, A Supervisors Advice to a Young Scribe in Ancient Sumer, Numbers of Registered and Actual Young Voters Continue to Rise, Forever Young: The Strange Youth of Ancient Macedonian Kings, Gen Z Voters Have Proven to Be a Force for Progressive Politics, Just Between You and Me:A History of Childrens Letters to Presidents. Among the urban poor were the unskilled laborers, stevedores, and crew members of the fishing and whaling fleets. elsewhere. Their settlements extended from what is now Maine in the north to the Altamaha River in Georgia when the Revolution began. Large portions were usually given to men of higher social standing, but "Estate and Class in Colonial Oaxaca Revisited." unlike women in New England, women in German immigrant communities amzn_assoc_linkid = "ea7c3fb574aa5317af7d47dbb0ecad87"; The South depended on a system of slave labor, which created a large underclass of Africans with no legal rights. African Americans; some were free while others were enslaved. The gold and credit slips were sent to England where they were Women of these intermediate groups were more often employed than their Spanish counterparts, whereas the men were apt to be artisans, but journeymen rather than masters. At the end of their indenture, servants received freedom dues, As the Southern colonies became more established, society reverted to the European model, and white women began focusing on running the household, and managing servants and those they had enslaved. The paintings are arranged in a series of miniportraits that follow the order of a written or printed page, beginning at the upper left side of the page and depicting a family group sitting down to a meal in a well-appointed home. Where did British troops hope to separate New England from the Middle States. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/caste-and-class-structure-colonial-spanish-america. 0000006084 00000 n The third or fourth portrait begins the sequence all over again portraying a Spanish man and a black woman. Corn, wheat, and livestock were shipped primarily to the West Indies from the growing commercial centers of Philadelphia and New York. They were primarily a carry-over from the previous home countries' social structure. 0000013342 00000 n 0000006975 00000 n The final portrait is often one of a poor hut, badly furnished, and depicting a woman with a frying pan chasing her husband. In cities, members of the middle class were skilled craftsmen and artisans. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. The Southern elite consisted of wealthy planters in Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina. Children played with board games, puzzles, and cards, and did activities like rolling hoops and playing an early version of bowling.