list of wastewater treatment plants in the united states

In 2019, the total capital spending on water infrastructure at all levels was approximately $48 billion, while capital investment needs were $129 billion, creating an $81 billion gap. % North East Biosolids & Residuals Association (NEBRA) (2007) A National Biosolids Regulation, Quality, End Use & Disposal Survey. Large-scale urine diversion could decrease nutient loading in wastewater treatment plants and lead to reductions of up to 47% in GHG emission and 41% in energy consumption. : 0f9x@4oNJ0:t 3C0C:##`l2[M#F*QdO3 @CAc9011T-L:h If trends continue, the country will face a single-year O&M shortfall of $18 billion in 2039. %%EOF This text provides general information. 1000 cubic meters is 1 ML (mega liter). It was assembled by InSinkErator using information collected from the individual wastewater treatment plant's website(s) and the US EPA 2004 and 2008 Clean Water Needs . Electric Power Research Institute (2013) Electricity Use and Management in the Municipal Water Supply and Wastewater Industries. In addition, sewage overflows can be caused by other problems such as blockages, equipment failures, broken pipes, or vandalism. hbbd``b`z$CA!`= $XA,{+D9 h |Hh``bdq vt Passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972 made secondary treatment a requirement for all wastewater treatment plants in the United States. In the U.S., 58% of river and stream miles, 40% of lake acres, 17% of estuarine square miles, and 23% of Great Lakes shoreline miles that have been assessed by the U.S. EPA have excess nutrients. The 4,000 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mainstreaming Potable Water Reuse in the United States: Strategies for Leveling the Playing Field, April 2018. Assuming the water and wastewater sectors continue along the same path, the total gap will grow to more than $434 billion by 2029. Table 1. The country has a vast system of collection sewers, pumping stations, and treatment plants. Environment Canadaprovides some examples of pollutants that can be found in wastewater and the potentially harmful effects these substances can have on ecosystems and human health: The major aim of wastewater treatment is to remove as much of the suspended solids as possible before the remaining water, called effluent, is discharged back to the environment. In some communities where legacy infrastructure exists, wastewater and stormwater systems are integrated into a combined sewer network. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that in 2016 there were 119,200 water and wastewater treatment plant operators in the United States. There are four levels of full certification that are based on wastewater operating experience and education. whose purpose is to create or improve waste-to-energy systems that increase wastewater treatment efficiency. Funding and financing differ through the simple fact that infrastructure financing, like any loan or bond, requires repayment over a 30- to 50-year period. When these areas experience heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt, the capacity of the combined system is overtaxed and results in combined sewer overflows where large volumes of partially treated or untreated wastewater bypass the treatment process and enter local waterbodies. THE PRIMARY TREATMENT PROCESS 1. Asset management must include continuous assessment of the condition of assets and prioritize investment decisions based upon a comprehensive suite of data. Watershed or waterbody- based management of clean water is expected to facilitate establishment of these TMDLs. U.S. management practices amount to 54% of biosolids being beneficially used. Sewers collect sewage and wastewater from homes, businesses, and industries and deliver it to wastewater treatment facilities before it is discharged to water bodies or land, or reused. whose goal is to eliminate and/or decouple the nations remaining combined sewer systems. Official websites use .gov @hA h"F`h`.%C^Vw A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. (2012) Long-Term Study on Landscape Irrigation Using Household Graywater. including operations, maintenance, and capital needs; clearly communicate rate increases to the public; and balance local issues of affordability. The remainder of the population approximately 20% of Americans rely on onsite wastewater systems such as septic tanks. pF= Treatment plants reduce pollutants in wastewater to a level nature can handle. A critical component that influences the well-being of any community is its system for removing and treating wastewater for the protection of human and environmental health. 3 Develop a federal grant pilot program for publicly owned wastewater treatment plants The Water Research Foundation, Resource Recovery., Georgia, Inland Waterways, National Category, Startup Uses Drone for Cleaning Water, Collecting Data, North Dakota DOT Unveils Autonomous Protection Truck, Massachusetts implements nations 1st clean peak standard, First Gas-Hydrogen Power Plant in the U.S. Makes Waves in Ohio, National Category, North Carolina, Stormwater, Flood-Prone Town Uses Predictive Modeling to Protect Residents, MDOT deploys unique technology to inspect underwater infrastructure, Oregon city generates recoverable energy from underground water pipeline, Digitized shipping program improves efficiency at Port of Los Angeles, Arizonas I-10 Incorporates First-of-its-Kind Dust Detection, District of Columbia, National Category, Rail, Amtraks New Acela Improves Efficiency, Speed, Autonomous shuttle service increases equity in Columbus, Ohio, 2023 ASCE's 2021 Infrastructure Report Card, Website Design & Development by Ironistic. includes over 800,000 miles of public sewers. List of largest wastewater treatment plants, Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant, "La Station d'puration Jean-R. Marcotte", "Montreal finally ready to go ahead with ozonation plant to treat waste water", "Chicago's Stickney Wastewater Treatment Plant Is the Crappiest Place on Earth", "Boston Harbor Pipe Dreams Come True! Over the last two decades, more than 200 of the nations largest combined sewer systems (those serving > 50,000 people) have been identified and had actions taken to reduce unlawful discharges that degrade water quality. So wastewater-treatment plants are located on low ground, often near a river into which treated water can be released. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), Combined Sewer Overflow Frequent Questions. After a wastewater utility in San Antonio, Texas, implemented in-pipe sensors, data was collected to optimize the networks cleaning schedule, saving thousands of dollars in each location a sensor was installed. Construction Dive, NAHB: The Median Age of US Housing Continues to Climb. d.3@!B\Cw!f69o:#9Pnmv:Rr[C=f]T;~LhK#46^Mc5 hYt-*R Water Online, Massive Savings Earn SAWS Recognition as Insightful Utility and Among Top 10 Utility Papers Presented At WEFTEC19*, September 26, 2019. %PDF-1.2 Sanitary sewers are installed to collect wastewater only and do not provide widespread drainage for the large amounts of runoff from precipitation events. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Sharvelle, S., et al. U.S. EPA (2020) Overview of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). Water Conservation and Monitoring Sensors. Wastewater treatment systems reduce environmental impacts in the receiving water, but create other life cycle impacts, mainly through energy consumption. As collection systems age and decline in condition, groundwater and stormwater enter the networks through cracks, joints, or illicit connections as inflow and infiltration. 12 Chemical additions of ferric salts and lime enhance coagulation and sedimentation processes for improved solids removal as well as removal of toxic pollutants. Wet-weather secondary treatment (since 1950) capacity limited to 1 821 000 m/day. Additionally, utilities grapple with treating and disposing of byproducts containing contaminants of emerging concern such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS, forever chemicals) or novel biological components (antibiotic-resistant genes). Suggest a dataset here. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. In 2013, energy-related emissions resulting from POTW operations, excluding organic sludge degradation, were 15.5 teragrams (Tg) CO. Population growth and urban sprawl increase the collection (sewer) infrastructure needed. The Central Wastewater Treatment Plant, Nashville, Tennessee. Since 2008, user rates have trended upward to reflect the true cost of service and also due to dwindling revenues for many wastewater utilities. Journal of Environmental Management, 197: 673-680. Sewage sludge that is treated and meets federal and state regulations is often termed biosolids. Clicking on the following button will update the content below. This information is used in assessing potential risk from pollutants found in biosolids to human health and the environment. Between 2012 and 2016, the EPA reports that improvements were made to more than 180 of the nations large sanitary sewer systems, which typically accommodate over 10 million gallons of wastewater per day, and are prone to episodic SSOs. to develop and quickly deploy regulations, systems, public safety education, and policies that address 21st century concerns such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS, forever chemicals) or novel biological components. An estimated 14,748 POTWs provide wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal service to more than 238 million people. South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Services, Recommended Design Criteria Manual, March 1991. U.S. EPA (2009) Occurrence of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Wastewater From Nine Publicly Owned Treatment Works. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Enforcement and Compliance History Online. Making the Grade: US Infrastructure Assessment, ASCE Committee on Americas Infrastructure, U.S. Infrastructure Grade: Explore the Categories, #GameChangers: Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, Benefits to States from the Infrastructure Investment & Jobs Act, Population Growth (Annual %) United States, What Unites and Divides Urban, Suburban and Rural Communities, State of Technology for Rehabilitation of Wastewater Collection Systems, Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual, The Median Age of US Housing Continues to Climb, $300 Billion War Beneath the Street: Fighting to Replace Americas Water Pipes, Primer for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems, National Database Structure for Life Cycle Performance Assessment of Water and Wastewater Rehabilitation Technologies (Retrospective Evaluation), Former National Compliance Initiative: Keeping Raw Sewage and Contaminated Stormwater Out of Our Nations Waters, Enforcement and Compliance History Online, Local Government Makes Record-High Investments in Public Water & Sewer Infrastructure, 2018-2019 50 Largest Cities Water & Wastewater Rate Survey, AWWA Utility Benchmarking: Performance Management for Water and Wastewater, Federal Support for Financing State and Local Transportation and Water Infrastructure, The Economic Benefits of Investing in Water Infrastructure: How a Failure to Act Would Affect the U.S. Economy Recovery, Federally Supported Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Programs, $125.5 Billion Record Spending on Municipal Water and Sewer by Cities in 2017, Water and Wastewater Annual Price Escalation Rates for Selected Cities Across the United States, Wastewater: A Resource that Can Pay Dividends for People, the Environment, and Economies, Says World Bank, Combined Sewer Overflow Frequent Questions, Detection of Emerging, Clinically Relevant Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Wastewater from Treatment Plants in Urban and Rural Areas in the United States, Climate-Resilient Infrastructure: Adaptive Design and Risk Management, Americas Water Infrastructure Act: Risk Assessments and Emergency Response Plans, Massive Savings Earn SAWS Recognition as Insightful Utility and Among Top 10 Utility Papers Presented At WEFTEC19*, Mainstreaming Potable Water Reuse in the United States: Strategies for Leveling the Playing Field. Water Environment Federation, Current Priority: PFAS. population - rely on the nation's 14,748 treatment plants for wastewater sanitation. stream U.S. EPA (2022) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990 - 2020. Water reuse can significantly decrease system energy usage and reduce nutrient loads to waterbodies. Across all sizes of wastewater treatment systems, technological and scientific innovations have made significant contributions to addressing the sectors challenges. U.S. EPA (2017) eGRID 2014 Summary Tables. the .gov website. In homes, this includes water from sinks, showers, bathtubs, toilets, washing machines and dishwashers. U.S. EPA (2002) The Clean Water and Drinking Water Infrastructure Gap Analysis. However, this method can have higher maintenance, energy and capital costs. U.S. EPA (2010) Evaluation of Energy Conservation Measures for Wastewater Treatment Facilities. y 2032 it is expected that 56 million more people will connect to centralized treatment plants, rather than private septic systems - a 23% increase in demand. POTWs generate over 13.8 million tons (dry weight) of sludge annually. endstream endobj 226 0 obj <>stream Reclaimed wastewater frees up fresh water that can be used somewhere else, such as for drinking water. We consider wastewater treatment as a water use because it is so interconnected with the other uses of water. The National Association of Clean Water Agencies, Cost of Clean Water Index, 2018. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS 3. Estimates indicate that utilities spent over $3 billion in 2019, or more than $18 per wastewater customer to replace the almost 4,700 miles of pipeline nationwide. OR-TEC, Incorporated based in Cleveland, OHIO (USA) Founded in 1980, OR-TEC specializes in the manufacture and sales of wastewater treatment equipment for the municipal and industrial marketplace. control in the United States is wastewater treatment. Depending on the type of WWTP and the collection system, O&M spending varies. Waste Water Treatment Plants, California, USA Mar 28, 2011 (Last modified May 12, 2011) Uploaded by Conservation Biology Institute Download Open in Map Details Data Layers Data Provided By: Matthew Heberger, Pablo Herrera Content date: not specified Citation: http://www.pacinst.org/reports/sea_level_rise 243 0 obj <>stream The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development manages the Community Development Block Grants program under which urban, economically disadvantaged areas may apply to receive grant funding. Growing urban environments signal a trend that centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) will increasingly accommodate a larger portion of the nations wastewater demand. 0 Learn more about the wastewater treatment process and theuses of reclaimed wastewater. VC73{aijH9""_C' q4@!Y2Mz,j}:XoxkaV)0fDQ-)hNkB* Wastewater Treatment Plants Metadata Updated: February 17, 2023 Data regarding wastewater treatment plants with permits issued under the New York State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Access & Use Information Public: This dataset is intended for public access and use. Official websites use .gov As these threats increase, so too does the need for costly improvements in wastewater treatment systems. However, the suite of wastewater infrastructure vulnerabilities varies by geographic location, type of treatment system, age, and ownership status, so there is not a one size fits all solution. As all wastewater systems face multiple and increasing natural threats, Informing the conversation about your waters.. According to the EPA, there are approximately 860 combined sewer systems throughout the country. A number of treatment plants are considering using methane generated from anaerobic digestion of biosolids as an energy resource. Unless they are removed, they could cause problems later in the treatment process. are designed with an average lifespan. Michigan Creative, a unit of the As many treatment plants and collection networks approach the end of their lifespans, the financial responsibilities for operation and maintenance will become more costly. It's the largest of New York City's 14 wastewater facilities, and . %PDF-1.5 % Pumping Currently, 62.5 billion gallons of wastewater per day is being treated by centralized WWTPs. Under wet weather conditions, these combined sewer systems wouldoverflow during wet weather conditions when large amounts of stormwater would enter the system. Within these treatment systems, wastewater undergoes processes to remove harmful constituents and reduce pollution to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and/or state-regulated levels prior to being discharged into nearby waterbodies or, in some cases, recovered for water, energy, and nutrient reuse. In 2019, though the annual water infrastructure capital investment gap was $81 billion, the sector has made strides to address current and future needs through resilience-related planning and innovations that produce profitable byproducts or cost savings from wastewater treatment. We certify operators to help ensure that they are knowledgeable and that wastewater treatment plants are properly operated and maintained. Hilton, S., G. Keoliean, et al. whose goal is to eliminate and/or decouple the nations remaining combined sewer systems. Key information on household water waste in the U.S. Key U.S. municipal water and wastewater information 1990-2015, Select figures on water withdrawal and wastewater in the United States from 1990 to 2015 (in billion cubic meters per year), Total water withdrawals in the U.S. from 1950 to 2015 (in billion gallons per day). organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS .gov website belongs to an official government State and local authorities generally have not allowed the construction of new combined sewers since the first half of the 20th century. Although the nations population growth projections are modest, a 2018 Pew Research Center study expects 86% of this growth to occur in urban and suburban areas. It is among the most important factors responsible for the general level of good health enjoyed in the United States. Even though water is not always available in the needed quantity and quality for all people everywhere, people have learned to get and use water for all of their water needs, from drinking, cleaning, irrigating crops, producing electricity, and for just having fun. Excess nutrients can come from agriculture, urban runoff, and wastewater treatment and cause water quality problems, such as algal blooms and fish kills. In the U.S., there are over 800,000 miles of public sewers Harmful substances that wash off roads, parking lots, and rooftops can harm our rivers and lakes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, PFOA, PFOS and Other PFASs, Basic Information on PFAS. In 2015, the National Association of Home Builders estimated that the median age of owner-occupied housing across the U.S. was 37 years old, an indication that, without proactive homeowner maintenance, there may be significant needs for upgrading and/or replacing onsite wastewater infrastructure. Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. The term is used extensively in U.S. water pollution law (i.e. doi: 10.17226/10135. Lock However, their production and transport have life cycle impacts. lock ( Since 2017, EGLE has sampled 56 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 41 industrial dischargers (industries including airports, landfills, paper plants, and groundwater clean-up sites for other contaminants) for a total of 161 samples collected. The East Bay Municipal Utility District has a working water reclamation project that benefits the community in these ways: Conserves drinking water. Across all sizes of WWTPs, systems are operating at an average of 81% of their design capacity, while 15% of systems are at or have exceeded that threshold. The sludge is treated as required Ft 36[pH/SV68f,:#V @A] 2P%jaQ8maP16\Et =S@*] 8qn?,vvl6 R|)@o6LAf-{9J|h3gr"Si[&H x@)ZIXQ154mt8 GE Water (Suez) 5. Pumping systems, typically consuming 10-15% of energy at wastewater treatment plants, can lead to inefficient energy consumption when pumps, flow control, and motors are mismatched to treatment plant needs. Most is applied to agricultural sites, with minor amounts applied to forestry and reclamation sites (e.g., Superfund and brownfield lands) and urban area (e.g., maintaining park land). (2020) Life Cycle Assessment of Urine Diversion and Conversion to Fertilizer Products at the City Scale. There are more than 16,000 publicly owned wastewater treatment systems of various sizes serving the majority of wastewater needs in the United States. When these areas experience heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt, the capacity of the combined system is overtaxed and results in combined sewer overflows where large volumes of partially treated or untreated wastewater bypass the treatment process and enter local water bodies. From FY17 to FY19, Congress has increased WIFIAs lending capacity from $2.5 to $6 billion with more than $21 billion being requested for over 150 applicants nationwide. Residential end uses of water in the U.S. Distribution of residential end uses of water in the United States, Volume of U.S. water wasted by common sources. The new delta plant is being developed under the supervision of the Engineering Authority of the Egyptian Armed Forces. Domestic sewage and wastewater from homes, businesses, and industries enter WWTP where the sewage and water are separated and treated. California is a good place to go to see how reclaimed wastewater is being used. >> WILDLIFE HABITATS: Our rivers and ocean waters teem with life that depends on shoreline, beaches and marshes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Resilience, Americas Water Infrastructure Act: Risk Assessments and Emergency Response Plans. For instance, the drinking water sector recently set a resilience precedent that may be instructive for many wastewater stakeholders. U.S. EPA (2016) Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2012-Report to Congress. Thousands of miles of the nations aging pipes are buried beneath increasingly urbanized cities and will require more and more inter-agency collaboration and data sharing, particularly as maintenance needs grow. Effluents from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that receive discharge from pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities (PMFs) had 10 to 1,000 times higher . Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office, Federal Support for Financing State and Local Transportation and Water Infrastructure, October 2018. Water Science School HOMEWater Quality topics Water Use topics . You probably don't drink much reclaimed wastewater (although some people do - see below)! English. Adapted from Arkansas Watershed Advisory Group. However, with little to no instruction or oversight from state regulatory agencies, if O&M goes unaddressed, systems may fail, costing homeowners between $3,000 and $7,000. In FY19, the federal government invited more than a dozen wastewater and water reuse projects to apply for over $2.3 billion in loans. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Water Supply and Water Resources Division, National Database Structure for Life Cycle Performance Assessment of Water and Wastewater Rehabilitation Technologies (Retrospective Evaluation), January 2014. Sanitary sewers that are not watertight due to cracks, faulty seals, and/or improper connections can receive large amounts of infiltration and inflow (I/I) during wet weather. However, rural communities, those that cannot financially bear the responsibilities of long-term loans, may look to the U.S. Department of Agricultures (USDA) Rural Utilities Service Water and Environmental Program for grant and financing options tailored particularly for their needs. Get in touch with us. We consider wastewater treatment as a water use because it is so interconnected with the other uses of water. of 40 to 50 years. These impacts can include harm to fish and wildlife populations, oxygen depletion, beach closures and other restrictions on recreational water use, restrictions on fish and shellfish harvesting and contamination of drinking water. +# d1z@S5.W=U 7W*^|.8DYj^1^5I&;#+5R[b_*,7$m3taX5gpXP"?Jn[a1SIjd(R$B\W]=4M;M? O1UY2U|^?"T($&IDE,q#" Aq*JIY$e0"WBA P$@2C&e\0 T'B\. ;-.npU1[Z2x;WpUd9 #eh:E`k64ah4@#:wY\VO5]&E:C5 {[gJVVfuY C88Q@8/! Please do not hesitate to contact me. 7\c"6xA 4B=afI;#hHs>|8SD\\7l*Np 1. hb```f``2g`a``bg@ ~&(G#.a"f+\ bg*uj0t3F0(08040- ``:U2@!H Waterech of Amarica Inc. 6. In addition, much of the existing wastewater infrastructure, including collection systems, treatment plants, and equipment, has deteriorated and is in need of repair or replacement. More than 100 expansion or modernisation projects are launched each month in the US municipal wastewater treatment sector, which includes approximately 16,000 plants, according to the McIlvaine Company online database (www.mcilvainecompany.com) Capital needs for these plants will average close to US$ 10b per year over the next decade. Flexible designs allow the system to meet oxygen demands as they fluctuate with time of day and season. National Association of Clean Water Agencies (2010) Renewable Energy Resources: Banking on Biosolids. This list may not reflect recent changes. The nations more than 16,000 wastewater treatment plants are functioning, on average, at 81% of their design capacities, while 15% have reached or exceeded it. Economic projections indicate that by 2029, chronic service disruptions would cost water-reliant businesses $111 billion and American households $378 million in healthcare costs. As solid material decays, it uses up oxygen, which is needed by the plants and animals living in the water. Pew Research Center, Social & Demographic Trends, What Unites and Divides Urban, Suburban and Rural Communities, May 22, 2018. Wastewater infrastructure may be funded by local user fees and taxes, state-specific grants or discretionary set-asides, and federal grants or financing mechanisms. California EPA, State Water Resources Control Board (2018) Water Quality Control Policy for Recycled Water. Screening Wastewater entering the treatment plant includes items like wood, rocks, and even dead animals. In rural areas where decentralized systems are common, the responsibility to coordinate and finance O&M activities ranging from $250 to $500 every three to five years falls on homeowners. Though large-scale capital improvements have been made to systems experiencing sanitary sewer overflows, efforts have slowed in recent years. Working in conjunction with EPAs CWSRF program, the Water Infrastructure and Finance Innovation Act (WIFIA) is an additional long-term, low-cost funding mechanism for regionally and nationally significant, large-dollar-value projects. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Wastewater infrastructure may be funded by local user fees and taxes, state-specific grants or discretionary set-asides, and federal grants or financing mechanisms. National estimates for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators 2. Most states do not collect condition data for these smaller systems, so an accurate assessment of the remaining lifespan or current condition is nearly impossible to determine. Recently, the more prevalent use of asset management plans enables 62% of surveyed utilities to proactively manage wastewater infrastructure maintenance rather than reactively respond to pipeline and equipment failures. Wet-weather secondary treatment capacity limited to 3 520 000 m/day. Wastewater infrastructure includes a network of sewer pipes that collect and carry household, business, and industrial effluents to wastewater treatment systems onsite or centralized facilities. An official website of the United States government. Secondary treatment removes more than 90 percent of suspended solids. U.S. EPA (2015) Why Maintain Your Septic System.. For instance, some wastewater systems are in low-lying areas that are especially prone to the impacts of flooding, while others may be in drought-prone regions or areas with increasingly frequent wildfires. How about a refreshing cup of reclaimed wastewater? Although some people assume that the rain that runs down the street during a storm is fairly clean, it isn't. Resources for discharge requirements include: Historically, municipalitieshave used two major types of sewer systems. Funding and financing differ through the simple fact that infrastructure financing, like any loan or bond, requires repayment over a 30- to 50-year period. State and local entities shoulder the majority of capital projects and O&M expenses, which were approximately $20 billion in 1993 and increased to $55 billion by 2017. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. . This estimate includes $197 billion for wastewater treatment and collection systems, which represent 73% of all needs;12 $48 billion for combined sewer overflow corrections; This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Incorporate geographically specific, projected impacts of climate change Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are associated with both the energy and chemicals used in wastewater treatment and the degradation of organic materials in the POTW.