is bladder irrigation intake or output

So let's say bag #1 has just finished going in, and you empty 3,800 out of the foley bag. I appreciate your kind and greneous advice a lot!. 1060 8. One question threw in pudding, and a second question threw in Jello with fruit in it. Which of the following observations, if made by the nurse, requires an intervention? 4 Articles; The client had the following intake and output during your shift: 1200 2 L of bladder irrigation 8 ounces of tea 1300 3 ounces of green beans Emptied 4650 mL from Foley catheter 3 ounces of mixed vegetables 2 L of bladder irrigation 4 ounces of coffee with 2 ounces creamer 5 ounces of pasta primavera 1400 . It looked just like you describeda big, fat, ready-to-explode. What the patient pees out is also recorded. How many milliliters of urine should the nurse record as output for her shift if the client received 1,800 ml of normal saline irrigating solution and the output in the urine drainage bag is 2,400 ml? Check that the irrigation is flowing correctly, that the patient is not bleeding excessively, and that the patient's bladder is not distended. Nursing. Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI) provides a continuous infusion of sterile solution into the. I knew that bag had to be getting full. Join the nursing revolution. The clamp for the first bag will be open until the bag is empty. What would you record as the patient's output in mL? z+2+5i21. Privacy Policy|Advertising Policy|Privacy Preferences Center|Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Waste products (urea, ammonia, creatinine), Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Medical Assisting: Administrative Procedures, Kathryn A Booth, Leesa Whicker, Terri D Wyman, Constituio da Republica Federativa do Brasi. (https://brooksidepress.org/giu/lessons/lesson-2-nursing-care-related-to-the-urinary-system/section-iii-catheterization-and-drainage/2-23-continuous-bladder-irrigation/), Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information. 23. While the second bag is flowing, your healthcare provider will replace the first bag. Continued observations for hematuria. The urine in the drainage bag appears red to pink. I hope someone here can give good clarification on this, with references. The head of the patient's bed is elevated 45 degrees, Strategy: "Requires an intervention" indicates a potential complication. A 55-year old client with benign prostatic hyperplasia doesn't respond to medical treatment and is admitted to the facility for prostate gland removal. Bladder irrigation was 2000 mL. Following transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP), hematuria should subside by what postoperative day? Specializes in NICU, PICU, Transport, L&D, Hospice. 101 Posts May 14, 2009 3. Select an underdeveloped region of the world with limited electrical power. Urine- via foley or void. Our members represent more than 60 professional nursing specialties. Which finding suggests that the client's catheter is occluded? Urine output is the difference between the two. Answer C. Although postoperative pain is expected, the nurse should make sure that other factors, such as an obstructed irrigation catheter, aren't the cause of the pain. Healthcare providers use it to prevent or remove blood clots after surgery in the urinary system. It also removes urine (pee) from your body at the same time. Third Party materials included herein protected under copyright law. Total output is the amount emptied from the collection bag. The client underwent a transurethral resection of the prostate gland 24 hours ago and has a continuous bladder irrigation. It can be via various routes like the mouth, a tube, or intravenous (IV). The CBI intake and output were in equal amounts. A=(1000),B=(0304). We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. A catheter (thin tube) will be placed in your bladder. One time, I had to run the irrigation really fast- guy kept clotting up. Foley catheter output 380 mL, Calculate the total output in mL for the following situation: At 3:00 PM, the nurse emptied 925 mL from the urinary drainage bag. The purpose of continuous bladder irrigation is to keep the drainage tube open and flowing by continuously washing out sediment, urine, and blood clots from the bladder that might otherwise restrict urine flow, or it can be used to administer medications directly into the bladder. I beg to differ: it's completely impossible! Has a balloon near its tip that may be inflated after insertion, holding the catheter in the urinary bladder for continuous drainage. The process happens over a few days. 1-612-816-8773. However, a transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) can be done on both males and females. Specializes in cardiac/medical. Calculate the patient's total urinary output for the shift. Restrict fluids to prevent the client's bladder from becoming distended. Tell him if fluid is leaking around your catheter. Last updated on Feb 6, 2023. For each question, choose the best answer. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. Send solution into your bladder to flush it out. This includes anything that is liquid at room temperature like: Many times test questions will give you the amount in ounces (oz), but we record intake and output in milliliters (mL). Document procedure done and include urine color, level of hematuria, urine output, and patient's reaction. I took and passed my Illinois CNA exam back in August. And for Pete's sake, never drop one of those bags. Emesis. I'm assuming we will be calculating but I'm not sure what she was talking about. At the end of the shift the catheter bag reads 2270 mL. The Urine would be 800, because you know the CBI bag was 3,000cc, so anything after 3,000 out is urine. As with any other procedure, always use aseptic technique. 1) CORRECT indicates pain; also, catheter is taped to thigh, and leg should be kept straight to maintain traction on the catheter Increase the I.V. Provide care instructions for patient discharged with indwelling catheter. a combination drug therapy to help painful bladder or cystitis type symptoms including frequency, urgency, burning pain or stinging sensations when passing urine. Nasogastric tube output 480 mL Drain urine and other liquid from your body. Tranexamic acid can help reduce bleeding. Clots and other debris can prevent pee from flowing properly through your system. Print out the balances after the Waste products (urea, ammonia, creatinine) The healthcare provider hangs two bags on a pole. Difference between bladder irrigation intake and output fields is the urine output which is calculated and documented in the Urethral Catheter (Foley) Output mL cell. Calculate the total output in mL for the following situation. It works by reducing inflammation and discomfort within the bladder. Because of space constraints, it's not comprehensive. Our mission is to Empower, Unite, and Advance every nurse, student, and educator. Available for Android and iOS devices. Intermittent bladder irrigation happens on occasion, either when needed or at set times. If a three way Foley catheter is not already in place, insert this now according to your facility's policy. For some reason this was hard for me to get the hang of right away as a new nurse in PACU, a seasoned nurse finally said "Look it is not that difficult, when you get your patient start with a fresh bag and fresh foley!". Audrey Hunt from Pahrump NV on May 13, 2013: Well this is a procedure I've not heard about until now. 3 & 4 Intake is the amount of irrigation solution allowed into the bladder. MATH REFRESHER 56% The client had the following intake and output during your shift: 0700 Emptied 1450 ml. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) The answer key is below. If not call doctor, he will probably give order for Ditropan or something like that. If the person before you screws up and either does not credit the right input or output there will be almost no way that you can be correct on your shift. Our mission is to Empower, Unite, and Advance every nurse, student, and educator. Our servers have detected that you are accessing this site from a restricted area. I had 4 I&O questions on my state CNA exam. My professor gave us a blueprint on how many questions on each topic will be on the exam. Sign In Its a balloon-like organ in the lower abdomen (belly). Create well-written care plans that meets your patient's health goals. It can be via various routes as well. Paraphimosis, when the foreskin on an uncircumcised penis gets stuck. Diverts urine flow from the urethra as needed to treat injury to the bony pelvis, the urinary tract, or surrounding organs; strictures; or obstruction. Hopefully there will be more in the foley than went in through irrigation and this will be the urine output. 1 cup applesauce A patient who has a catheter took in 6 oz of orange juice and 4 oz of apple juice. Specializes in Med nurse in med-surg., float, HH, and PDN. Before continuous bladder irrigation, you must have a catheter placed in the bladder. Then your healthcare provider will close that clamp and open the clamp on the second bag. Specializes in LTC, rehab to home, PACU. Your bladder irrigation will be stopped when you have had clear or slightly pink urine for 1 to 2 days. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. After assessing catheter patency, the nurse should administer an analgesic, such as meperidine, as prescribed. The answer key is below. Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information, Notice of Intelligent Business Solutions data eventLearn more. Does time dilation mean that time actually passes more slowly in moving reference frames or that it only seems to pass more slowly? As the irrigation continues, your urine should become pink and clear. Inform your patient and explain the procedure. A. TURP is the most common operation for BPH. Dont forget to take the intake and output practice calculation quiz after reviewing the material below. Replace a bag of sterile saline when its empty. Has 12 years experience. Total intake :------ 1900 :--- chicken broth = 4 oz 30 ml / oz = 120 ml. b. Since 1997, allnurses is trusted by nurses around the globe. Has a tapered tip and is selected for ease of insertion when enlargement of the prostate gland is suspected. If output exceeded intake, enter your number as a negative (for example, "-100"). Intake: 4 oz of orange juice Identify you patient with at least two patient identifiers, ie name, birth-date, medical record number, etc. Bladder irrigation helps remove and prevent blood clots in your bladder. Urine output 510 mL, Calculate the total intake in mL for the following situation: Calculate the fluid intake in mL for the following lunch. Flush the catheter with a syringe of saline (see Blocked bladder catheter above) and draw back to retrieve any clots. Baby Boomers and Hepatitis C: High-Risk Group with Low Rate of Testing. What is the volume required for a rapid-mix basin that is to be used to treat 0.05 m3s1.m^{3} \cdot s^{-1}.m3s1. c. Retropubic prostatectomy Choosing a specialty can be a daunting task and we made it easier. he client had the following intake and output during your shift: 0700 7 ounces of water 2 L of bladder irrigation Emptied 2150 mL from Foley catheter 0800 1 L of bladder irrigation 0.5 cups of cottage cheese 1 bagel 7 ounces of coffee with 1 ounce creamer 2 ounces of grits 0900 Emptied 2350. Healthcare providers use it to prevent or remove blood clots after surgery in the urinary system. For each question, choose the best answer. 1/2 glass grape juice I've only ever seen sweat counted once in my career, and the patient was losing a TON of fluid that way. flow rate. What is output? Tell the client to try to urinate around the catheter to remove blood clots. (Let the solution fill the tubing, removing all air.) The fluids will hang from an IV pole. Has 43 years experience. Often times when a patient asks for jello I will take them two so they'll have one for later if they want it and don't have to ask. \end{array}\right), The healthcare provider cleans the ports on the outside of the catheter and connects two of them. . Continuous bladder irrigation ( abbreviated as CBI) is a common procedure that is often done after a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Has 17 years experience. The nurse should use sterile technique to reduce the risk of infection. All Rights Reserved. Normally you chart this hourly so say an IV infusion is set at 125 (1000 ml over 8 hours) so for each hour you record 125. The third port isnt actively used but helps keep the catheter in place. The patient was transferred to emergency room. flow rate may worsen the pain. Create well-written care plans that meets your patient's health goals. The procedure takes place in a hospital over several days. A drainage system connected to the external male genitalia. Monitor for tissue, clots, mucous fragments, and sediment in the tubing and drainage collection unit. This is from the skin and respiratory system. Which action should the nurse take first? The process happens over a few days. After 8 hours the nurse empties the drainage bag, which contains a total of 2520 ml. 22. Clots can prevent urine from flowering properly through the catheter as well. Healthcare providers use careful techniques to keep the procedure sterile and protect you from germs. After having a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), a client returns to the unit with a three-way indwelling urinary catheter and continuous closed bladder irrigation. At the start of the irrigation, your urine will be bloody and may have blood clots in it. Copyright Merative 2022 Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes. d. Transurethral laser incision of the prostate. Because it requires no incision, TURP is especially suitable for men with relatively minor prostatic enlargements and for those who are poor surgical risks. Of course this can only be done on males. The RN in charge of the patient will kill you because it requires painful hand irrigation which could put the patient into bladder spasms and the foley catheter usually ends up needing to be changed because it is so clogged with blood clots. At the end of the shift the catheter bag reads 2270 mL. Bladder irrigation prevents obstruction of the catheter after surgery. Continued strict I&O. Urinating around the catheter can cause painful bladder spasms. Remember to only calculate intake based on the things that melt at room temperature. Empty drainage bag frequently to ensure no overflow or backflow of urine/irrigation solution. Answer D. If the catheter is blocked by blood clots, it may be irrigated according to physician's orders or facility protocol. appreciate the help! Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Specializes in Med-Surg, Trauma, Ortho, Neuro, Cardiac. The nurse is completing an intake and output record for a client who is receiving continuous bladder irrigation after transurethral resection of the prostate. Enter your email address below and hit "Submit" to receive free email updates and nursing tips. After having transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), a Mr. Locke returns to the unit with a three-way indwelling urinary catheter and continuous closed bladder irrigation. Foley catheter ouput 625 mL, Calculate the total intake in mL for the following situation: If you have surgery, the catheter will be placed during your surgery. Specializes in Med-Surg, Trauma, Ortho, Neuro, Cardiac. Monitor blood, clots or debris in the urine. Stool. There is 500 cc fluid in the urinary drainage bag. CBI can help prevent blood clots and flush them out so urine can flow normally. Output= volume of fluid coming OUT of the patient. Don gloves. 7. b. One time, I had to run the irrigation really fast- guy kept clotting up. What do you include for the liquids that are consumed? She mentioned that there will be 2 questions on intake and output where we will need a pen or pencil. Our bags are 3000ml so when a bag is done going in you empty your foley (or I have used a 24hr urine collection container if you have to empty the foley before the irrigation bag is empty,keep this urine in the jug until your irrigation bag is complete to keep your I&O organized). 4) no restriction on positioning as long as leg that has catheter taped to it is straight. You may already have one if youve had surgery or are in the hospital for another reason. Updated: May 23, 2020 Discontinue irrigation and notify physician if obstruction occurs. I have been trying it hardly and did not get those amazing results!. However, there is a minimal risk of infection. This content is not available in your current region. Policy. View the full answer. Foley catheter output 380 mL, Pharmacology: Chapter 41: Drugs Used to Treat, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, Medical Assisting Review: Passing The CMA, RMA, and CCMA Exams, Final Vogue - Milady state board review test. Control the drip and flow of the sterile solution, speeding it up or slowing it down as needed. She usually asks us nclex style questions. 3.1.12.2 The irrigation solution bags to be labeled unless additives are being A patient had a transuretheral resection of prostate (TURP) procedure done and he has a three way catheter. MCCONNELL, EDWINA A. RN, PHD, FRCNA. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event. Published Mar 29, 2012. The first will be attached to your drainage bag. It can be via various routes as well. Figure out how much you emptied out. This website provides entertainment value only, not medical advice or nursing protocols. The client reports bladder spasms and the urge to void. Create well-written care plans that meets your patient's health goals. 6. A 3-way indwelling urinary catheter is inserted for continuous bladder irrigation following a transurethral resection of the prostate. 7,752,060 and 8,719,052. Sterile solution enters the bladder through a thin tube, then the fluid is removed and collected in a bag. Nasogastric tube irrigation (four times with 30 mL saline) a. Copyright 2023 Healthgrades Marketplace, LLC, Patent US Nos. Pudding doesn't, so if they give that as something consumed, don't count that in your intake total. c. Assess the irrigation catheter for patency and drainage. The patient has a continuous bladder irrigation infusing at 50 mL/hr from 7:00 AM to 12:00 PM. D. He will be pain free. 6 oz broth Answer A. TURP is the most widely used procedure for prostate gland removal. . By the time I got to his room I almost fainted when I saw that the regular foley bag was so full, it looked like a big fat cherry. I'm curious about this too. Otherwise, it doesn't matter how you do it as long as you know accurately how much went in from the irrigation bag and how much came out from the foley. The third will be attached to tubing that goes into 2 bags of saline (salt water). first three months. He is having painful bladder spasms. 1 chicken salad sandwich I walked in on one running wide open at change of shift and thought the drainage bag was gonna blow! Let's say you're running at a brisk rate and you have to empty before a full bag is in. urine output is greater than volume of irrigation fluid, patient reports relief of bladder pain or spasms, urine output has decreased with absence of blood clots, and absence of signs and symptoms of UTI signs and symptoms of a UTI fever, lower abdominal pain, cloudy and or foul-smelling urine 10. What is output? This study guide will help you focus your time on what's most important. These are fluids that LEAVE the body. After undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, a male client returns to the room with continuous bladder irrigation. Calculate the IV fluid intake in mL if 450 mL is left in a 1000 mL IV bag. Your healthcare team will give you specific instructions. 1. We just empty our drains when I&Os are due, and count this toward output. This is typically urine only, although in some critical care patients things like contents of a nasogastric tube are included (how much stomach juice has been sucked out + how much urine they've produced). Basically any fluids that are going IN to the patient. 0 & 0 What was the most memorable reaction you had from a patient? What would you record as the patient's intake in mL? Urine output 510 mL, Calculate the total output in mL for the following situation: c. Prepare to remove the catheter. Of the total, _____ ml is urine output. Has 3 years experience. Since 1997, allnurses is trusted by nurses around the globe. Your urinary system is responsible for filtering waste out of your blood. Specializes in orthopedic; Informatics, diabetes. What's included: Urine output (most of the output calculation) Emesis Liquid stool ( ostomy or diarrhea) Wound draining (drains, tubesexample: chest tubes etc.) I guess they were checking to make sure we were reading the question correctly. Specializes in NICU, PICU, Transport, L&D, Hospice. The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Specializes in PICU, Sedation/Radiology, PACU. (Category II) Has 5 years experience. Intake and output calculation NCLEX review for nurses. and chart in Bladder Irrigation Input field 3. Water = 6 o View the full answer Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI) provides a continuous infusion of sterile solution into the . After undergoing transurethral prostatectomy a client returns to his room with a triple-lumen indwelling catheter for continuous bladder irrigation. 2. Telling the pain that he will be pain free is giving him false reassurance. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. If the patient is on bladder irrigation, you can count the amount of liquid put into the bladder here. Before providing preoperative and postoperative instructions to the client, the nurse asks the surgeon which prostatectomy procedure will be done. This was one of our questions from the Potter and Perry book.. We didn't have a lecture on it, but does anyone know what she may be possibly talking about on calculating intake/output? Choosing a specialty can be a daunting task and we made it easier. (Lewis et al., 2017, p. 1274) With CBI, irrigating solution is continuously infused and drained from the bladder. 3000ml is recorded as CBI in and 3000ml of output is recorded as CBI out and whatever is left from your output ml's is recorded as urine output. [Hint: Use the trigonometric identity (Appendix A.7) for sin+sin\sin \alpha+\sin \betasin+sin to find y=y1+y2y=y_1+y_2y=y1+y2, and identify the new amplitude in terms of the original amplitude. I was helping someone else, and the bag hit the floor after it had been spiked (but we hadn't completed the hook up to the patient, we were just getting started). Examples include bladder surgery or prostate surgery such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). I finally had a big enough fit and mgmt ordered the BIG foley bags (4,000 I think?) He is scheduled for a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) is a medical procedure that flushes your bladder with a sterile liquid. show that AB=0A B=0AB=0 does not imply that either AAA or BBB is the zero matrix, but that it does imply that at least one of them is singular. A traveling sine wave is the result of the superposition of two sine waves with equal amplitudes, wavelengths, and frequencies: y1=Asin(t+kx)y_1=A \sin (\omega t+k x)y1=Asin(t+kx) and y2=Asin(t+kx)y_2=A \sin (\omega t+k x-\phi)y2=Asin(t+kx). c. The normal saline irrigant is infusing at a rate of 50 drops/minute. INTAKE AND OUTPUT 1. The nurse hangs a new 3000 mL bag of irrigating fluid for a postoperative client who has had a transurethral resection of the prostate and sets the irrigation rate based on: A client with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) doesn't respond to medical treatment and is admitted to the facility for surgical intervention. 2) expected due to the CBI; assess for shock and hemorrhage; check dressing and drainage; urine may be bright red for 12 h; monitor vital signs Use of this website and any information contained herein is governed by the Healthgrades User Agreement. Ensure) 1 L of . - Documentation is proof that procedure was . If a patient vomits, I don't measure it - but I do chart "emesis basin x2" or however many times they vomited. A certain uniform spring has spring constant k. Now the spring is cut in half. irrigating a nasogastric or another tube or the bladder, measure the amount instilled and subtract it from total output. An older man is returned to his hospital room three hours after a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Bladder irrigation was 2000 mL. Specializes in Critical Care, ED, Cath lab, CTPAC,Trauma. The second will be used to inflate the balloon that keeps the catheter in place. However, I have found it nearly impossible to get an accurate reading, especially if the irrigation is running fast. Output includes-. The client reports bladder spasms and the urge to void. Otherwise, a physician quickly glancing through the chart will see the extra 500-1000 cc of fluid and assume it was oral/parenteral intake. Nurse Yoly is aware that the following nursing interventions is appropriate? According the Mosbys Medical Dictionary, insensible loss is estimated to be 600 mL/day (insensible water loss, 2018). So you either have a catheter with a urometer bag or the patient pees into a bottle or bedpan.This is measured and documented. In addition to inflating the balloon, the functions of the three lumens include: continuous inflow and outflow of irrigation solution. B. xplain the purpose and function of a two-way irrigation system. Blocked urine can cause infection, kidney damage and pain. As Esme said, you need to follow the policy at the facility, but if you do include it in your totals, you need to make sure that fact is clearly documented. The patient has continuous bladder irrigation and a Foley catheter: 0800-1000: 3 Liters of bladder irrigation The Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute offers innovative treatments in urology and kidney medicine, including minimally invasive, scarless options for urologic procedures and medical management of kidney disease. Since the amount of fluid used to irrigate come right back out, it does not effect the patient's hydration. See our full, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), IV Drug Use Complications & Dangers: (Endocarditis, Infection, Infectious Diseases). What should nurse Andrew do first? from Foley catheter 6 ounces of soda 1 L of bladder irrigation 0800 1.5 L of bladder irrigation 0900 6 ounces of prune juice 4 ounces of vegetable broth 8 ounces of liquid meal supplement (ie. His urinary drainage bag is filled with dark red fluid with obvious clots. Oncology. (CBI is used after a trans-urethral resection of the prostate [TURP] and the irrigation serves to remove blood and clots.). The end of the catheter lies outside your body, along your upper leg. Bladder irrigation = 1.5 liter 1000 ml / l = 1500 ml. It travels up the urethra and into your bladder. 4. Nursing questions and answers. If haematuria occurs it can be treated with good irrigation of the bladder and a high oral fluid intake, intravenously if needed. All Rights Reserved. One attaches to a bag on the pole. Calculate the total fluid output in mL for the following situation: The name itself explains what the process does but has some . The nurse observes a decrease in urine output and clots in the urine. Use aseptic technique when irrigating the catheter. Patient complains of pain: (Complete pain assessment using the 0-10 or visual analogue scale) Palpate bladder to determine presence of distention Check drainage tubing for kinks What would you record as the patient's output in mL? EKG Rhythms | ECG Heart Rhythms Explained - Comprehensive NCLEX Review, Simple Anatomy Quiz Most Nurses Get WRONG! This quick review will highlight how to calculate intake and output because these type of questions may be on your NCLEX exam or (definitely) on a nursing lecture exam. HubPages is a registered trademark of The Arena Platform, Inc. Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. Then I subtract the 3000 mL (that's what's in our irrigation bags) from what was in the foley. So - I agree that pudding shouldn't be counted as input, but I'm not sure about the reasoning of "because it doesn't melt at room temperature.". Adjust the flow rate as ordered, or to maintain urine color as ordered by the physician.