I have about 30 box or 1991 tops baseball cards. Fronts included full color images of players with white borders while backs had the typical statistic-laden layout found on Topps other sets. Despite losing to the Toronto Blue Jays in the 1992 World Series, Sanders played lights out and nearly helped them to a title before rejoining the Falcons to finish off the NFL season. Topps entered the sports cards market in 1952, so the value of this set of cards is very high.
1991 Topps Baseball Cards - The Cardboard Connection I found about 100 packs of these 91 Topps 40th anniversary in my dads house after he passed. That would change in 1992 as the company would follow the trend of other modern issues and move to a light-gloss style of card. Prices are updated daily based upon 1991 Topps listings that sold on eBay and our marketplace. The 2000 Playoff Contenders Tom Brady will probably go down as the most iconic football card of all time. But make no mistake in 1991, these were not terribly easy cards to find. While Topps didnt do anything to move away from their traditional mushy brown cardboard in base sets until 1992, we could always count on Tiffany. 1993 SP Derek Jeter Rookie Card #279 #2. The rise of the Bowman brand dates back to 1927 when Jacob Bowman founded Gum Inc. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Your Account has been confirmed and activated successfully. The price guide can be accessed in the top menu of this page. Shortcuts: Prices are updated daily based upon 1991 Topps Micro listings that sold on eBay and our marketplace. 25) 1990 Topps Sammy Sosa Rookie Card (#692) Sammy Sosa entered 1990 with designs on a starting job for the first time in his big league career, thanks to a midseason trade in 1989 from the Rangers to the White Sox. Card fronts display a vivid color photo surrounded by colored piping and an outer white border. Most are statistical errors, but some players have the wrong photo or wrong team. & N.L.C.S. The fact that he didn't appear in the 1991 Midsummer Classic has to be one of, if not the biggest, All-Star Game snub in the game's history. He also loves to write about the hobby and has written for Beckett, Topps, SABR and of course, this website. Or, they'd need to be one of the rarer Desert Shield versions Not to be confused with Topps' set of Desert Storm cards which featured military subject matter, the Desert Shield baseball cards were sent to soldiers who were serving in the Persian Gulf War during that time. Slab Strong (Protective Slab Bumper Sleeves), 5 Things To Know About Victor Wembanyamas First Investable Card, Netflixs Full Swing: Top Golf Cards From the Shows Stars, Durants Deadline Move Shakes Up Multiple NBA Markets, Elly De La Cruz Rookie Cards: Best Sets and Parallels, Top 10 Most Valuable: 1981 Topps Basketball, Super Bowl Delivers Boost to Mahomes, Hurts and Kelce, Simons Surges; Fultz Returns: Top 5 Hottest Sports Cards, Pop Report: TCG, Ja Morant Rise in Latest PSA Returns. PSA graded 3,178 of the '86 Topps Nolan Ryan cards. Baseball; Sets; 1991; Overview; 1991 Topps. This Championship Ticket parallel, which is limited to just 100 copies, has sold for as high as $3.8 million. Ross is the founder of Old Sports Cards and has been collecting sports cards for over 30 years. One of the most important rookie cards of the 1990's, this card is routinely in high demand. Yeah, 1991 Topps Baseball contained those old familiars the record breaker cards, league leader cards and ugh checklists, each issued on gray cardboard for one last time. Well past his prime but still pitching at a high level in 1991, it was anyone's guess at how long his career would eventually last. 1991 Topps Traded Baseball has a straightforward checklist of 132 cards. Ungraded & graded values for all '91 Topps Traded Baseball Cards. But why was Nolan Ryan also wearing a tux at card #200 in the checklist? Nolan Ryan's "1990 Record Breaker" card is also high up on the list of cards from this set. 2022 Topps Chrome Baseball, Sonic Base Cards Are Different.
1991 Topps Card Prices | PSA & Ungraded Values - SportsCardsPro Let's be clear:most of the cards from this set do not have any value these days. In 1988 he was playing with the San Francisco Giants. Set Links - Overview - Checklist - Teams - Errors / Variations - Hall of Famers - Rookies - Inserts and Related Sets - Comments - Packaging - Pricing Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Incredibly, that was one of his lowest batting averages of his Hall of Fame career. One of the most important rookie cards of the 1990's, this card is routinely in high demand.
Topps baseball card products - Wikipedia The 1991 O-Pee-Chee Baseball set consists of 792 cards, each measuring 2-1/2" by 3-1/2". In that year Uribe won the Millie Mac Award for his spirit and leadership efforts with his team. You mention that you plate is small so I wonder if it could be related to the Topps Micro issue that year. The photography and premium look and feel of the cards have held up quite well to this day. 1. Inserted one per jumbo cello pack of 100 cards. Check Desert Shield prices on eBay (affiliate link), Check Desert Shield prices on Amazon (affiliate link), The relative scarcity of pristine Desert Shield cards has led to some big prices on the secondary market, including . See, in 1990, Topps had issued a set of comic-book bordered cards that marched alongside the garish red of Donruss and the general ickiness of a crappy Fleer set as the three traditional companies made a beeline away from Upper Deck. He'd appear in just 23 games for the White Sox in 1991 before missing the entire 1992 season due to hip replacement surgery.
1992 Leaf Card Prices | PSA & Ungraded Values - SportsCardsPro Most valuable baseball cards of the 1990s I started high school in 91 so by late summer I packed all the cards safely away and never checked them out. They have remained in a safety deposit box since 1991. Counterfeits. I'd like to imagine him having just blasted one of his towering home runs by the looks of him in this image Don Mattingly was another one of those players who was on top of every collector's want list back in the late 1980's and early 1990's. Here is a look at the baseball cards that have exceeded a million-dollar price tag, including two by one of the sport's top active players: 1. Who knew that the young man stoically staring at you in this picture would become a 468-homer-hitting, MVP-winning Hall of Famer? @Sam You would need to look at the cards to determine that.
1991 Topps Baseball Card Checklist, Errors, Values - Gold Card Auctions Lets start at the beginning and work our way through the rest. More than 150 players have rookie cards in the set. I read it a while ago and because of it, finally picked up a factory sealed set for ~$20 tonight. Nothing against the Boston Red Sox, but despite being one of baseball's most storied franchises, they're also known for a couple of bonehead deals. As far as athletes go, only Michael Jordan seemed to be more popular than Griffey Jr. back then and everybody wanted his cards. If they do, by very little. Anyone have any idea how much a unopened box of 4 decades of baseball cards worth. A Baseball Card Database by Baseball Almanac. The title is a reference to the irreverent nickname given the famous (infamous?)
1991 Topps Baseball - Trading Card Database The main cards in the set essentially parallel those found in the main 1991 Topps baseball card set. Its like they found old cards in a warehouse and held an auction.. Griffey eventually turned into the Hall of Famer everyone thought he would be and his 1989 Upper Deck rookie card has since solidified itself as one of the most iconic cards in the hobby. There was no need for Bonds to panic, however, since he'd add six more MVPs and multiple top-five voting finishes before his storied career came to a close in 2007. (Updated for 2022) SUBSCRIBE NOW! Read our.
Sports Cards: 10 Most Valuable Baseball Rookie Cards of the 1990s I had them in their original boxes placed in shoeboxes in my closet, in fact in 2019 I offered the entire package to a friend in NY for $1000 plus shipping, fortunately his kid isnt into sports so he said no. Im looking for the way to the honest price for a van load of NFL hockey baseball basketball collection.
The Most Valuable Baseball Cards From 1995-1999 - YouTube Sadly, 1991 was the year that Jackson's professional sports career completely derailed after injuring his hip during a playoff game against the Cincinnati Bengals in January that year. And, the numbers indeed show it as his slugging percentage and OPS plummeted to .383 and .714, respectively. This PSA article, in part, details several types of counterfeit Desert Shield cards with fake foil stamps.
Top 15 Most Valuable Baseball Cards from the 1960s - PSA COLLECTOR Giants Signed Topps Baseball Card 2. For some of those veterans, 1991 Topps will always be the last real baseball card set. Its too bad that Topps unrelenting printer press prevents the majority of the 792-card collection from ever having much value. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, 1955 Bowman Baseball Cards 12 Most Valuable, Emmitt Smith Rookie Cards: Values and Details. Tune in as Mrs. Wax Pack Gods reads 1988 Topps Baseball Cards - 25 Most Valuable . By the time the 91 season began, Smith had already earned 11 Gold Gloves. Mark McGwire was one of the game's hottest players in the early '90s because of his constant display of amazing power. 1994 Collector's Choice Baseball Michael Jordan RC #661 One of the biggest stories in sports in 1994 was Michael Jordan switching to play baseball. One of the most memorable cards in the 91 Topps set, this horizontal stunner shows Clemens posing in front of Fenway Parks famed scoreboard. Although, I never pulled a single one of any of those randomly inserted cards, I always loved this set. Click on any card to see more graded card prices, historic prices, and past sales. The 1991 Topps set debuted just as America was engaging in the first Gulf War. 0% 1991 Topps #333 Chipper Jones Rookie Card Estimated PSA 10 Value: $85 It may not be quite as valuable as the Mark Whiten variation or Griffey's base card but the Chipper Jones rookie card is easily the face of the entire set. I was 13 when this came out and it was the last year I really went nuts buying cards. Read our methodology . It makes sense that Topps would feature the first player in this set in a tuxedo as a clever way of helping to market their first premium set in a higher standard. Topps used a special 40th Anniversary logo on the cards. This has to be one of the strangest choices of images for any Barry Bonds card in hobby history. He also loves to write about the hobby and has written for Beckett, Topps, SABR and of course, this website. There were only around 6,500 of the Desert Shield versions produced for each player making them very limited and on top of that, you can imagine how few survived war-time conditions in top condition. Unfortunately, it wouldn't be the last time he was snubbed, either, as his five All-Star appearances are far lower than they should have been. At the time of its release, more than a few viewed 1991 Topps Baseball as a dowdy, stuck-in-its ways, all-too-traditional release. Affiliate programs and affiliations include, but are not limited to, the eBay Partner Network. But we have a fondness for this card because it shows the Wizard showing off his base-running wheels, a skill he doesnt get nearly the credit he deserves. Read our methodology . I always loved how Topps displayed Ryan on this card. I got my dads card collection going back to the mid 1940s. But they weren't just any regular bonehead deals, they were two of the worst in MLB history. The card of Jones, an eight-time All-Sar and former Most Valuable Player, has become of one of the more sought after cards in the junk wax era particularly in . Other cards that come from the same set that are also worth a mention include Mark Whiten and Don Mattingly. Although his career was limited by injuries, he still put up monster numbers and was an easy Hall of Fame inductee. This 91 Topps sold for $47 around Thanksgiving 2021 and moved again for roughly $60 near Valentines Day 2022. I remember those cards distinctly, even if finding them proved difficult. By 1991, Mattingly boosted his slugging percentage to .394 and in the following seasons above .400, although barely. Is it that small? We don't know how big a role nostalgia plays with this one, but it still regularly sells north of $40. buy stuff after clicking links on our site The main cards in the set essentially parallel those found in the main 1991 Topps baseball card set. That led collectors everywhere to "chase the Mick" in hopes of landing one of the most coveted cards of all time: the 1952 Topps Mickey Mantle. He manages a pre-war sports card blog and database at www.prewarcards.com .
Baseball Cards - 1991 O-Pee-Chee | PSA CardFacts In the opposite corner, Topps trumpets its 40th Anniversary, a 792-card salute to its reign as the preeminent bubble gum card company in the world. READ OUR DISCLAIMER. Thanks! The 1991 Topps Desert Shield baseball card is a thing of beauty and is a must-have for all Nolan Ryan fanboys.
Rememberwhen Upper Deck released their debut set in 1989, they changed the hobby forever and forced Topps and other manufacturers to up their game. Total Cards: 792. Thanks for this article I have something to share with my 2 boys now. Remember, he was pitching in hisfourth decadein 1991 which speaks to his longevity on the mound. Add in the RCs of Bagwell and Pudge again, too, in Traded form. Total Cards: 792. 2. However his iconic 1983 Topps rookie card only goes for $475. For the first time since the 1974 Topps set, the company included individual player cards that were oriented horizontally. Let's take a look at the top 45 most valuable junk wax-era baseball cards below. There are faked versions of this card, so this is one worth buying authenticated. It requires a lot of work, especially if you want to collect the more nuanced and questionable varieties.. Nonetheless, PSA 10s in the following still command respectable coins. The wide variety of variations and the obscurity of many of them is the reason why Charles created his blog, to counter much of the incorrect information he has seen. Any idea if they are all mint or could some have minor damage since cards were purchased back from collectors? Apparently, at least, as we were unwilling or simply unable to absorb the oceans of product on the market even as we continued to slobber over the gorgeous UD offerings in their second year.
That slugging percentage is what actually gives this card much of its value.
13 Most Valuable 1991 Topps Football Cards - Old Sports Cards Anyways, we all know that Barry Bonds was anythingbutboring, and the 1991 season saw him add a second Silver Slugger and Gold Glove to his resume while finishing just short of a second MVP to Atlanta's Terry Pendleton. Many of the rarer cards sell for very little since they havent had the right publicity or the legitimization of an entry in the big guides, he said. Ungraded & graded values for all '91 Topps Micro Baseball Cards. During his sophomore season in the big leagues, 23-year-old Frank Thomas broke out in a monster way on the Southside of Chicago. Super rare and up to $5k graded mint. Among the more popular ones are Ken Griffey, Jr., Nolan Ryan, Cal Ripken, Mark McGwire, Frank Thomas, Barry Bonds, Roger Clemens, Sammy Sosa, and others. Topps gesture would have been appreciated, surely, but, well, troops had bigger issues to worry about. Many cards are inexpensive and simply not worth the time to grade. But somehow, this relic of the past remains relevant, 30 years later. Keep in mind, most cards from this set have no value--there were millions of each card printed. Read our methodology . 25 Most Valuable Baseball Cards 2000: Price List 1. Cards have a white border. Please enter the verification code that you received on your email. Budget: 2017 Ronald Acuna Jr Bowman Chrome Prospects RC #BCP127 SHOP EBAY NOW. Topps, in a furious battle with rivals Upper Deck and others in a card market that had been booming over the previous five years, added to its promotion by advertising its instant-win game in television commercials. The 1991 Topps baseball cards issue was a product of its time and of much earlier times. 1991 Nolan Ryan Topps Desert Shield #6 Buy on eBay One of the most underrated cards of all the Nolan Ryan baseball cards. The big draw is the first-year players. Track your collection for free. Topps issued their typical 132-card of traded players and rookie cards in the fall of 1991. Among the more well-known and difficult variations to discover include the Doug Drabek card (a white inner border rather than a black one), the Dennis Oil Can Boyd card (hand under the flag on the Topps 40th anniversary logo) and the highly sought Mark Whiten card variation, in which Whitens hand gripping the bat handle overlaps the white outer edge of the card. By utilizing Kodak technology, Topps delivered an incredible product that firmly put them as a serious competitor in the premium segment of the hobby.
1990 Topps Baseball Cards - 25 Most Valuable - Wax Pack Gods So why is the set so expensive? I have 6 of those cards, and two of them in mint condition, and the other 4 near mint. Rickey Henderson headed into the 1991 season looking to somehow keep the momentum going from the career year he had the year before. In terms of singles, the Chipper Jones #1 Draft Pick rookie card (#333) leads the way, with the PSA Sports Market Report (SMR) citing prices of $10, $25, and $90 in PSA 8-10, respectively. That is probably the most fantastic shot of all time. The cards were originally intended for soldiers in Operation Desert Shield, a mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia. What wasnt known at the time was that only vintage cards valued at $50 or less were randomly inserted into packs. Topps issued many spinoffs of its 1991 set, from the glossy Tiffany sets, to the Micro set, to the box-bottoms, rookie debut cards and the tough Desert Shield versions. Cal Ripken Jr. also has a "Record Breaker" card in this set which acknowledges his achievement of setting the record for most consecutive games by a shortstop without an error at 95 games in a row. Other superstars like Nolan Ryan, Ken Griffey Jr., Cal Ripken, Frank Thomas, and Greg Maddux can be yours for peanuts or less most of the time. Prices are updated daily based upon 1991 Topps listings that sold on eBay and our marketplace. Heading into the 1991 season, Griffey had already notched his first All-Star selection and Gold Glove, and by season's end, he'd add one more of each as well as his first Silver Slugger. Read our methodology . Note to readers: If you purchase something through one of our affiliates, we may earn a commission.
15 Baseball Cards Now Worth A Fortune And 15 That Are - TheSportster 29 Most Valuable 1991 Topps Baseball Cards In the World: Price List. Speaking of superstars of the 1990's, next on our list is Ken Griffey Jr. The Red Sox won the AL East but were destroyed by the Oakland A's in the ALCS and Andersen never pitched for Boston again.
1991 Topps Micro Card Prices | PSA & Ungraded Values - SportsCardsPro The variety of Topps photography in the set stands out to this day.
1991 Topps Baseball Cards - Overview and Value Guide - Wax Pack Gods With that sweet swing of his, he seemed to effortlessly crush home runs left and right. In 2018, the No. Vintage Topps Cards. 1989 Topps Randy Johnson Rookie Card 4. Its commonplace to find PSA 9 Chippers RCs selling for around $2000 on eBay, and PSA 10s of most of the eras superstars north of $1000, as well. Heck, even many minor league sets avoided gray cardboard. All rights reserved. Those "618" error cards are much more rare and valuable than the other. This has a produced a legion of 91 variation collectors who have been unearthing differences in the set for the past decade, years after it was issued. We use cookies to improve your experience. Among those collecting avenues referenced by Charles are the 40th Anniversary logos found underneath the players statistics on the back of the card. And, just over seventy years later, they came close to pulling off an even worse move when they traded Jeff Bagwell to the Houston Astros for reliever Larry Andersen. I have hundreds of cards from this 91 set in plastic holders in my basement. A rundown of the most expensive 1991 Topps baseball cards sold on eBay in April-June of 2022.See the most recent eBay top sellers of 1991 Topps baseball card. Ken Griffey Jr, Nolan Ryan, and Chipper Jones cards are among the most valuable cards from the 1991 Topps set. We may earn an affiliate commission if you 1991 Topps Baseball Cards Complete Your Set U-Pick (#'s 1-200) Nm-Mint Emmitt Smith Rookie Cards: Values and Details 2020 Hall of Fame 2020 Spring Training 30-Day Baseball Card Challenge Baseball Books Baseball Briefs Baseball Card Challenges Baseball Card Statistics Baseball Card Values Baseball Cards Baseball Cards Daily Baseball Cards for Sale Ross is the founder of Old Sports Cards and has been collecting sports cards for over 30 years. That said, prices for graded cards will increase the price in a hurry. The power with the bat was gone but he still had his glove, though, and in 1991 he would earn his sixth of nine career Gold Gloves. Regular cards also cost $1000 if it's in mint condition. This was a big motivating factor behind starting Junk Wax Gems. His batting average also nosedived to .201 and Tony La Russa, the Oakland A's manager at the time, even decided to bench McGwire for the final game of the season just to avoid his average potentially slipping below .200. Track your collection and maximize your profit with Market Movers, the hobbys most powerful sports card pricing platform! Due to the special nature of this anniversary set and because the errors were caught early enough in the press run, Topps decided to correct a number of the cards. The blog covers a number of sets from that period, even from other sports, but readers keep returning to the posts about 1991 Topps, and many are armed with questions: * I have a Carmelo Martinez (who) played for the Pirates (and) all the Pirates cards have a black border around them but Car-melos border is grey is it (an) error., * I have a Steve Olin #696 with a faded logo, and the E*F* print code., * Is there a way of finding out all the errors that people have found (and) posting them on one post?, Dylans answer to the last question was, No, there is not.
Ungraded & graded values for all '91 Topps I have about 200 cards baseball, my oldest son started collecting ,Dow to youngest,49 yrs ago , how do I find value. Almost every PSA 10 the man has ever been on baseball, football, whatever is considered a collectible. Much of it isnt particularly expensive to acquire, which helps to retain the fun element of chasing something so encompassing.. As regal as 1991 Topps Baseball is in retrospect, why would kids collect something that looked like their fathers set when so many younger products were calling to them? In his first full season, Thomas batted .318, belted 32 home runs, drove in 109 runs, and scored 104 runs in a body of work that eventually earned him his first Silver Slugger and a third-place vote in the AL MVP race. Topps had also returned to a more reserved design to celebrate its anniversary one year after offering one of its flashiest flagship designs ever, the comic book-themed 1990 set. By 1993, Jackson was back on the baseball field and made a decent comeback to appear in 85 games for Chicago while helping them to the playoffs. Ungraded & graded values for all '91 Topps Baseball Cards. Ungraded & graded values for all '91 Topps Archives 1953 Reprint Baseball Cards. Now that we got that out of the way, let's take a look at the list: Upper Deck could not have chosen a better player than Ken Griffey Jr. to lead off the checklist as card #1 of their debut set in 1989. When it comes to the most valuable baseball cards of the 1990s, only the Frank Thomas error exceeds it. How much are YOUR cards worth? Mike Mussina and Ivan Rodriguez are a couple of more standouts. 1989 Steve Avery Signed Topps Rookie Card After batting .327 with 100 RBI, 20 home runs, and 76 runs scored to go along with a .527 slugging percentage and .926 OPS during the 1991 season, there was no question that Griffey was well on his way to superstardom. His 368 total bases were actually tops in MLB that year. Anniversary Sweepstakes. I have basketball sets from 1969(?
25 Most Valuable 1991 Upper Deck Baseball Cards 1909 T-206 Honus Wagner: $7.25 million. Though the Kid would finish third in voting for the 1989 AL Rookie of the Year Award behind Baltimore's Gregg Olson and Kansas City's Tom Gordon, he clearly showed the most long-term upside of any player in that season's rookie class. The O-Pee-Chee set is identical to the 1991 Topps offering - right down to the Topps 40th Anniversary logo. Topps did a great job with its All-Star card design for its 1991 set. And in this guide, we take a look at the 10 most valuable 1991 Topps cards. PSA 10 Chipper Jones rookie cards that sold on eBay for north of $21,000 in March of 2021. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2022 by Old Sports Cards, LLC. Its a perfect card that still sells a handful of times every month. Check Tiffany prices on eBay (affiliate link), Check Tiffany prices on Amazon (affiliate link). The funny thing was, he would waste almost no time breaking his own recordwhen he threw hisseventh and final no-hitter against Toronto on May 1, 1991. History All-Star Game; A.L.C.S. Not my absolute favorite set of all time, but still an excellent product.
19 Most Valuable Bo Jackson Baseball Cards Sold - Jacqueline Stallone I have most of them which is crazy I need help getting them graded I actually have the chipper Jones randy Johnson rookie cards an more all great condition. Home Sports Card Sets Baseball Card Sets 1990-1999 Baseball Cards 1991 Topps Baseball Cards. And there are only a couple worth over $300-$10,000. 33 cards. Download Price List, SportsCardsPro 2019-2023 It then advertised the insertion of every single card, some 300,000 in total, from its 40-year archive into packs. This was the year Topps finally woke up and decided to try to put out a set to try to compete with Upper Deck. The 1991 MLB season will probably be best remembered for the epic Minnesota Twins-Atlanta Braves World Series, but the release of this Topps baseball set likely ranks pretty high on collectors list. We use cookies to help personalize content, tailor and measure ads, and provide a safer experience. The combination of the low-profile design, the open presentation of the photos and traditional card stock has caused many collectors to come back to 1991 Topps Baseball with a new respect. When I watched Griffey playing during the 1990's, it almost seemed a certainty he would one day be the all-time leader in home runs.
15 Most Valuable 1991 Bowman Baseball Cards - Old Sports Cards Chipper Jones Rookie Card Guide - 9 Best Rookie Cards - Sports Cards Rock Topps also used the horizontal layout a technique it still uses in flagship today to produce striking portrait cards such as Roger Clemens propped up against the Fenway Park scoreboard. We'll respect your privacy and you can unsubscribe at any time.. Posted by Adam Hughes | Baseball Card Values, Baseball Cards, Topps Baseball Cards | 2 |. Ryan was 43 years, 4 months and 11 days old when he threw that record-breaking no-hitter (his sixth) against Oakland on June 11, 1990. This set is especially interesting to me because a master set contains more variations than any other Topps set, before or since (excluding intentional parallels and variations), Charles said. 1991 Upper Deck #345 Nolan Ryan Estimated PSA 10 Gem Mint Value: $15 Remarkably, Nolan Ryan was 44 years old when he was pitching during the 1991 season. I have an actual 91 Topps unopened box set. And since complete sets of the Desert Shield cards were never issued, finding those today is very difficult because they were required to be hand-collated.