Mitchell hit . In March 1970, Clouds produced her first Grammy Award for Best Folk Performance. Katie is a remarkable multiple-instrumentalist, and impressively plays Joni's songs in their original open guitar tunings. Joni Mitchell, singer, songwriter, guitarist, painter (b at Fort Macleod, Alta 7 Nov 1943). Over the years Mitchell had been hosting monthly music sessions, known as 'Joni Jams', at her home in Laurel Canyon, organised with the help of singer-songwriter Carlile. Soon after, they began performing as a duo, singing in Detroit-area folk music venues such as Chess Mate and The Raven Gallery. I considered that album to be my Beatles.
Detroit's Chess Mate, the forgotten incubator of Joni Mitchell 5. (Mitchell's own recording did not see release until two years later, on her second album Clouds.) She later wrote, "[He] left me three months pregnant in an attic room with no money and winter coming on and only a fireplace for heat. [158], In 2021, Mitchell was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Historical Album, for her Archives, Vol.
Is Joni Mitchell Married? Does She Have Kids? - Heavy.com [71] She also filmed portions of the rehearsals for a documentary that she was working on. The cover of the album would later create occasional controversy: Mitchell was featured on the cover in blackface disguise, wearing a curly afro wig, a white suit and vest, and dark sunglasses.
Joni Mitchell wants songs off Spotify in Covid row - BBC News The recording of the album coincided with the end of Mitchell's marriage to musician Larry Klein after 12 years; Klein was also co-producer of the album. A classic live coffeehouse performance of a classic song. Supported by a group of well-wisher musicians, she participated in a 13-song set of her own material and covers (including one as accompaniment only, playing electric guitar). Walecki designed a Stratocaster-style guitar to function with the Roland VG-8 virtual guitar, a system capable of configuring her numerous tunings electronically. [107][108][109], On July 24, 2022, Joni Mitchell appeared unannounced as a special guest at the Newport Folk Festival in Rhode Island, where she had first played in 1969, as part of a set billed as 'Brandi Carlile and Friends'. Court and Spark, released in January 1974, saw Mitchell begin the flirtation with jazz and jazz fusion that marked her experimental period ahead. I ran into it again in Toronto." [138] More recent releases of this song included versions by Counting Crows in 2002 and Nena in 2007. Videos Tagged. [51] She accompanied him back to Los Angeles, where he set about introducing her and her music to his friends. [53] Roberts and Geffen were to have important influences on her career. In 2003, playwright Bryden MacDonald launched When All the Slaves Are Free, a musical revue based on Mitchell's music.
Joni Mitchell | The Canadian Encyclopedia Jimmy Page uses a double dropped D guitar tuning similar to the alternative tunings Mitchell uses. In 1995, Mitchell's friend Fred Walecki, proprietor of Westwood Music in Los Angeles, developed a solution to alleviate her continuing frustration with using multiple alternative tunings in live settings. Fellow Canadian singer k.d. [42] After the reunion, Mitchell said that she lost interest in songwriting, and she later identified her daughter's birth and her inability to take care of her as the moment when her songwriting inspiration had really begun. April 17, 2022. Expert Answers: Joni Mitchell and her daughter were reunited in 1997 Mitchell described an elation she had never felt before when she finally met Gibb. [44], Mitchell left Canada for the first time in late April 1965. That's my song.' 25 in the Billboard charts in February 1973.[57]. [32] Joni, 21 years old, married Chuck in an official ceremony in his hometown in June 1965 and took his surname. [70] She worked with the French-Canadian TV director Mario Rouleau, well known for work in art and dance for television, such as Cirque du Soleil. "[60], The album that resulted, Dog Eat Dog, released in October 1985, turned out to be only a moderate seller, peaking at No. He is not the Chuck Mitchell that was in "Porky's" but the folksinger.
The Cause of Chuck Mitchell's Death, Bio, Sisters, Net Worth2022, Wife, The Saskatchewan Recording Industry Association bestowed upon Joni their Lifetime Achievement Award in 1993. [94] A vinyl edition of the album was released for Record Store Day in April 2019. Appearing on Mitchell's 1974 album Court and Spark, Joni's song 'Free Man In Paris' was inspired by the head of Geffen records, David Geffen.
Joni Mitchell: Fear of a Female Genius - The Ringer She went on to marry a fellow folk singer named Chuck Mitchell, but the marriage soon fell apart. ", Mitchell's duet with The Persuasions (her opening act for the tour), bubbled under on Billboard, just missing the Hot 100. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. She resolved to write her own songs.[38]. "[123] David Shumway notes that Mitchell "became the first woman in popular music to be recognized as an artist in the full sense of that term. Whatever Mitchell's stated views of feminism, what she represents more than any other performer of her era is the new prominence of women's perspectives in cultural and political life. [22], Mitchell contracted polio at age nine and was hospitalized for weeks. [87], Since 2018, Mitchell has approved a number of archival projects.
Joni Mitchell: ?oI know what I want and I?Tm not afraid to stand up It gave me the bug for it. The new song cycle was released in November 1975 as The Hissing of Summer Lawns. "[113] Songs performed included "Carey", "Come in from the Cold", "A Case of You", "Big Yellow Taxi", "Both Sides Now" and "The Circle Game". Her right-hand picking/strumming technique has evolved over the years from an initially intricate picking style, typified by the guitar songs on her first album, to a looser and more rhythmic style, sometimes incorporating percussive "slaps". Prince's version of "A Case of U" appeared on A Tribute to Joni Mitchell, a 2007 compilation released by Nonesuch Records, which also featured Bjrk ("The Boho Dance"), Caetano Veloso ("Dreamland"), Emmylou Harris ("The Magdalene Laundries"), Sufjan Stevens ("Free Man in Paris") and Cassandra Wilson ("For the Roses"), among others. Other Mitchell covers include the famous "Woodstock" by Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, Eva Cassidy, and Matthews Southern Comfort; "This Flight Tonight" by Nazareth; and well-known versions of "A Case of You" by Tori Amos, Michelle Branch, Jane Monheit, Prince, Diana Krall, James Blake, and Ana Moura. In early 1983, Mitchell began a world tour, visiting Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and Scandinavia and then going back to the United States. [119], Mitchell was highly innovative harmonically in her early work (19661972), incorporating modality, chromaticism, and pedal points. I know Chuck and have for years. "[26], Mitchell decided to return to the live stage after the great success of Blue, and she presented new songs on tour which appeared on her next album, her fifth, For the Roses.
Biography: 1964-1968 Early Years - Joni Mitchell In 1996, she was awarded the Polar Music Prize. In 2006 she said, "I suppose a lot of people could have written a lot of my other songs, but I feel the songs on Hejira could only have come from me."[58]. Joni sold a lot of albums over the course of her career. "Free Man in Paris" was another hit single and staple in her catalog. In 2003, her Geffen recordings were collected in a remastered four-disc box set, The Complete Geffen Recordings, including notes by Mitchell and three previously unreleased tracks. Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals, Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, Joni Mitchell Archives Vol. The use of alternative tunings allows guitarists to produce accompaniment with more varied and wide-ranging textures. He promised to help take responsibility for the child but something changed, and a few weeks later Joni gave up her daughter for adoption. Hits charted at No. She played venues up and down the East Coast, including Philadelphia, Boston, and Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Court and Spark went to No. [28] She dropped out of school in grade 12 (resuming her studies later) and hung out downtown with a rowdy set until she decided that she was getting too close to the criminal world. In 2004 singer George Michael covered her song "Edith and the Kingpin" for a radio show. [6] NPR ranked Blue number 1 on a 2017 list of Greatest Albums Made By Women. She sang at hootenannies and made appearances on some local TV and radio shows in Calgary. In addition, she contended that her voice had acquired a more interesting and expressive alto range when she could no longer hit the high notes, let alone hold them as she had in her youth.[65]. Joe Rogan found himself correcting a little musical misinformation he spread accidentally when he praised Joni Mitchell on Sunday as the talent behind the 1979 tune "Chuck E.'s in Love.". In the summer of 1965, Chuck Mitchell took Joni with him to Detroit, Michigan, where he found work. Mitchell's songs were sung by many performers, including James Taylor, Elton John, Wynonna Judd, Bryan Adams, Cyndi Lauper, Diana Krall, and Richard Thompson. [74], In a 2010 interview with the Los Angeles Times, Mitchell was quoted as saying that singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, with whom she had worked closely in the past, was a fake and a plagiarist. [62] Reprise also agreed to release a second album, called Misses, that would include some of the lesser-known songs from her career. I knew every word to Court and Spark; I worshipped her when I was in high school. The album also contained remakes of "A Case of You" and the title track "Both Sides, Now", two early hits transposed down to Mitchell's now dusky, soulful alto range. "I was not a part of the anti-war movement, either. [90], On November 7, 2018, Mitchell attended the Joni 75: A Birthday Celebration concert in Los Angeles.
Whatever became of Joni Mitchell's first husband, folk singer Chuck "[123], Mitchell has received many honors from her home country of Canada. She won only the Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals. "Lavender" by Marillion was partly influenced by "going through parks listening to Joni Mitchell", according to vocalist and lyricist Fish,[139] and she was later mentioned in the lyrics of their song "Montreal" from Sounds That Can't Be Made. Between 1979 and 1989 Benoit produced sixty paintings, corresponding to a selection of fifty of Mitchell's songs.[142]. [89] A limited-edition blue vinyl edition of Blue followed in January 2019. [96], Mitchell approved Joni: The Joni Mitchell Sessions, a book of photos taken and collected by Norman Seeff, released in November 2018. Chuck, 29, had met Joni, 22, at the Penny Farthing folk club in Toronto early in 1965. "[105][106] British National Health Service doctor and author Rachel Clarke tweeted: "Both Neil Young & Joni Mitchell know painfully well how much harm, suffering & avoidable death anti-vaxxers can cause. Mitchell later remarked, "At that period of my life, I had no personal defenses. [108][113] Musicians who had turned up to play included Elton John, Paul McCartney, Bonnie Raitt, Harry Styles, Chaka Khan, Marcus Mumford and Herbie Hancock. Mitchell went into the studio in early 1975 to record acoustic demos of some songs that she had written since the Court and Spark tour. A journey into Joni Mitchell's artistry is one of a highly original, harmonically innovative, and emotionally charged, familiar yet fresh adventure.
Remarkable Records of Joni Mitchell's Changes - The New York Times He took "Urge for Going" to the popular folk artist Judy Collins, but she was not interested in the song at the time, so Rush recorded it himself. [12] She later turned to pop and electronic music and engaged in political protest. Her most confessional album, Mitchell later said of Blue, "I have, on occasion, sacrificed myself and my own emotional makeup, singing 'I'm selfish and I'm sad', for instance. The controversial remark was widely reported by other media. [54] Crosby convinced Reprise to let Mitchell record a solo acoustic album without the folk-rock overdubs in vogue at that time, and his clout earned him a producer's credit in March 1968, when Reprise released her debut album, known either as Joni Mitchell or Song to a Seagull. Close to completing her contract with Asylum Records, Mitchell felt that this album could be looser in feel than any album she had done in the past. For a year and a half, Mitchell worked on the tracks for her next album. Lloyd Whitesell, "Harmonic Palette in Early Joni Mitchell", p. 173. The Sonic Youth song "Hey Joni" is named for Mitchell. Mitchell's tour to promote Mingus began in August 1979 in Oklahoma City and concluded six weeks later with five shows at Los Angeles' Greek Theatre and one at the Santa Barbara County Bowl, where she recorded and filmed the concert. ', "Joni Mitchell Joining Brandi Carlile for Summer 2023 'Echoes Through the Canyon' Shows at The Gorge", "Joni Mitchell to play first headline concert in 23 years", "JMDL LIBRARY: The guitar odyssey of Joni Mitchell: My Secret Place: Acoustic Guitar, August 1996", "15 Great Artists Influenced by Joni Mitchell", "The Joni Mitchell generation: James Blake, Corinne Bailey Rae and others pay tribute", "Interview: Opeth's Mikael Akerfeldt Talks About the Band's New Album, 'Heritage', "Christie's Guitar Auction David Answers Your Questions", "An Interview with Marillion's Steve Hogarth", "This Must Be The Plaice: Fish's Favourite Albums", "Squeeze and Roxy Music's Paul Carrack talks G Live", "The ABCs of HAIM pops coolest sister act", "Lorde: 'I want to be Leonard Cohen. When the tour ended she began a year of work, turning the tapes from the Santa Barbara County Bowl show into a two-album set and a concert film, both to be called Shadows and Light. [3] Settling in Southern California, Mitchell helped define an era and a generation with popular songs like "Big Yellow Taxi" and "Woodstock". [138] Hole also covered "Both Sides, Now" in 1991 on their debut album, Pretty on the Inside, retitling it "Clouds", with the lyrics altered by frontwoman Courtney Love. [9][10][11] Her distinctive piano and open-tuned guitar compositions also grew more harmonically and rhythmically complex as she melded jazz with rock and roll, R&B, classical music and non-Western beats. [141], Mitchell's music and poems have deeply influenced the French painter Jacques Benoit's work. 377k Followers, 14 Following, 647 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Joni Mitchell (@jonimitchell) jonimitchell. A year later, Mitchell played Mariposa, her first gig for a major audience, and years later Sainte-Marie herself covered Mitchell's work. 45. She performed frequently in coffeehouses and folk clubs and, by this time creating her own material, became well known for her unique songwriting and her innovative guitar style. [75] In a 2013 interview with Jian Ghomeshi, she was asked about the comments and responded by denying that she had made the statement while mentioning the allegations of plagiarism that arose over the lyrics to Dylan's 2001 album Love and Theft in the general context of the flow and ebb of the creative process of artists. Chuck was immediately attracted to her and impressed by her performance, and he told her that he could get her steady work in the coffeehouses he knew in the United States. The songs she wrote during the months she took off for travel and life experience appeared on her next album, Blue, released in June 1971. Chuck Mitchell was a part of that scene with then-wife Joni Mitchell, living in a Wayne State-area apartment and playing folk clubs like the Chess Mate in Detroit and the Raven Gallery in Birmingham, then Southfield. To wider audiences, the real return to form for Mitchell came with 1994's Grammy-winning Turbulent Indigo. While the album was being readied for release, her friend David Geffen, founder of Asylum Records, decided to start a new label, Geffen Records. Mitchell has said that the parents of baby-boomers were unhappy, and "out of it came this liberated, spoiled, selfish generation into the costume ball of free love, free sex, free music, free, free, free, free we're so free. In 1997, Mitchell was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but did not attend the ceremony. The marriage and partnership of Joni and Chuck Mitchell ended with their divorce in early 1967, and she moved to New York City to follow her musical path as a solo artist. Mitchell also revived "Jericho", written years earlier (a version is found on her 1974 live album) but never recorded in a studio setting. 1: The Early Years (19631967), Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s), "The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (, "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: 501", "Critics' Choices; Albums as Mileposts in a Musical Century", "The Music Midnight Makes: In Conversation With Joni Mitchell", "Joni Mitchell: The Studio Albums 19681979", "Return to tradition: Biden celebrates Bette Midler, Joni Mitchell at Kennedy Center Honors", "Heart of a Prairie Girl: Reader's Digest, July 2005", "Joni Mitchell, the original folk-goddess muse, in the season seemingly inspired by her", "Joni Mitchell A Portrait of the Artist", "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time", "Joni: 'Dirt poor,' 20 and pregnant; Excerpts from a new book reveal details of Joni Mitchell's life in '60s Toronto", "Joni Mitchell's new book: 'She understood better than anyone that we're all prisoners of biology and art', "JoniMitchell.com Library: Joni Mitchell: Word, March 2005", "From The VN Archives: Stars like Joni Mitchell, Linda Ronstadt polished their talents at Chessmate coffeehouse blocks from campus", "A 65th Birthday Tribute to Joni Mitchell", "The trouble she's seen: Doug Fischer talks to Joni Mitchell about her seminal album, Hejira", "The only black man at the Party: Joni Mitchell enters the rock canon", "Joni Mitchell Library Joni Mitchell offers Hits and Misses: Billboard, August 24, 1996", "Joni Mitchell's 'Taming the Tiger' Turns 20: Why the Spaced-Out Album Deserves More Applause", "DANCE: Working Three Shifts, And Outrage Overtime", "Herbie Hancock's "River: The Joni Letters" Set For Release on September 25th", "It's a Joni Mitchell concert, sans Joni", "Bob Dylan is 'a plagiarist', claims Joni Mitchell", "Exclusive: Joni Mitchell talks to Jian Ghomeshi about death, hippies, art and getting 'Banffed', "JoniMitchell.com/JMDL Library: Joni Mitchell's Fighting Words: Ottawa Citizen, October7, 2006", "Joni Mitchell Suffered a Brain Aneurysm: Sources", "Joni Mitchell has made 'remarkable progress', says lawyer", "Joni Mitchell 'making progress' says friend Judy Collins", "Joni Mitchell attends gig as she continues recovery from aneurysm", "Joni Mitchell, escorted by Cameron Crowe, attends Clive Davis Pre-Grammy Gala", "Joni Mitchell makes rare public appearance at James Taylor show in Los Angeles", "David Crosby: 'I think right now, it's worse than the 60s', "Joni Mitchell's 1970 Isle Of Wight Performance Gets Home Release | uDiscover", "Joni Mitchell Love Has Many Faces To Debut As Vinyl Boxed Set On November 2 | Rhino Media", "Rhino's "Start Your Ear Off Right" Returns In 2019 With Limited Edition Releases | Rhino Media", "Inside Joni Mitchell's 75th Birthday Celebration", "Jeff Simon: An all-star birthday party for Joni Mitchell and others", "Joni Mitchell Joni 75: A Birthday Celebration Available On DVD March 29 From Rhino | Rhino Media", "Joni Mitchell Tribute Album to Feature Brandi Carlile, James Taylor", "RSDBF '19 Special Release: Various Artists Joni 75 A Joni Mitchell Birthday Celebration", "Brandi Carlile Gets Red-Hot and 'Blue' Saluting Joni Mitchell at Disney Hall", "Joni Mitchell Morning Glory On The Vine Book", "Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Announces a Special Illustrated Work by Joni Mitchell for Fall 2019", "Joni Mitchell Makes Rare Appearance at 2022 Grammys", "Remarkable Records of Joni Mitchell's Changes", "Born To Take The Highway: Joni Mitchell's Early Years Celebrated With New Box Set of Unreleased Music, 'Joni Mitchell Archives, Volume 1' The Second Disc", "Joni Mitchell Archives Series Continues", "Joni Mitchell wants songs off Spotify in Covid row", "Joni Mitchell joins Neil Young's Spotify protest over anti-vax content", "Generations sing to Joni Mitchell in pre-Grammys tribute", "Watch Joni Mitchell sing in public for the first time since 2013", "Joni Mitchell performs onstage for the first time since 2013", "Joni Mitchell sings, steals show with surprise Newport Folk Festival concert", "Joni Mitchell makes triumphant surprise return to Newport Folk Festival", "Joni Mitchell Thanks Brandi Carlile & Newport Folk Festival for Hosting Her First Concert in 20 Years", "After Newport, Joni said 'I was delighted. Mitchell toured steadily to promote the LP. The artist began her career in Canada, where she was born and raised (as Roberta Joan Anderson), before settling down in Southern California and becoming a staple of the folk community there. Some of her original songs ("Urge for Going", "Chelsea Morning", "Both Sides, Now", "The Circle Game") were recorded by other folk singers, allowing her to sign with Reprise Records and record her debut album, Song to a Seagull, in 1968. The experience remained private for most of Mitchell's career, although she alluded to it in several songs, such as "Little Green", which she performed in the 1960s and recorded eventually for the 1971 album Blue. Eventually she was signed to the Warners-affiliated Reprise label by talent scout Andy Wickham. She moved to the United States and began touring in 1965. "[103], On January 28, 2022, Mitchell demanded that Spotify remove her songs from its streaming service in solidarity with her long-time friend and fellow polio survivor Neil Young, who removed his tracks from the streaming platform in protest against COVID-19 misinformation on the popular Spotify-hosted podcast The Joe Rogan Experience.
See Folk Legend Joni Mitchell Now at 78 Best Life Does joni mitchell have a relationship with her daughter? Her musical interests were now diverging from both the folk and the pop scene of the era, toward less structured, more jazz-inspired pieces, with a wider range of instruments. A single from the LP, "Why Do Fools Fall in Love? She promoted Tiger with a return to regular concert appearances, including a co-headlining tour with Bob Dylan and Van Morrison. The early new year of 1964 brought a new Chuck single recorded at Chess Studios soon after his release from prison. I learned every song off of it, and I don't think there is another album anywhereincluding my ownon which I know every note and word of every song. Reviews were mostly favorable towards the album, and the cameos by well-known musicians brought it considerable attention. 11 a.m. - 2 p.m. Sunday. [61] The album won two Grammy awards, including Best Pop Album, and it coincided with a much-publicized resurgence in interest in Mitchell's work by a younger generation of singer-songwriters. It received mostly strong reviews and motivated a short national tour, with Mitchell accompanied by a core band featuring her ex-husband Larry Klein on bass plus a local orchestra on each tour stop. According to Celebrity Net Worth, Joni Mitchell is a famous singer and songwriter with a $100 million net worth. Show More Posts from jonimitchell.
Joni Mitchell - Official Website Contrary to rumours regarding the song being about Mitchell's first husband Chuck Mitchell, she has said it was inspired by a conversation with fellow folk singer Patrick Sky, in which he told her "Oh, Joni, you . Joni Mitchell, original name Roberta Joan Anderson, (born November 7, 1943, Fort McLeod, Alberta, Canada), Canadian experimental singer-songwriter whose greatest popularity was in the 1970s. Mitchell stated at the time that Travelogue would be her final album. Las mejores ofertas para Versin de EE.
How David Crosby quit drugs but never got over Joni Mitchell In 1996, Mitchell agreed to release a greatest Hits collection, despite initial concerns that such a release would damage sales of her catalog. "Big Yellow Taxi", the live version, was also released as a single and did reasonably well (she released another version of the song in 2007). Judy Collins's 1967 recording of "Both Sides, Now" reached No.
Joni Mitchell honored with Gershwin Prize at tribute concert Meet the author. "River", from Mitchell's album Blue became the second-most covered song of Mitchell's in 2013 as many artists chose it for their holiday albums. British folk singer Frank Turner mentions Mitchell in his song "Sunshine State". [40][41] By that time, Mitchell's daughter, renamed Kilauren Gibb, had already begun a search for her biological parents. Two years later, Mitchell released her final set of "original" new work before nearly a decade of other pursuits, 1998's Taming the Tiger. In 2008, Mitchell was ranked 42nd on Rolling Stone's "100 Greatest Singers" list and in 2015 she was ranked ninth on their list of the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time. I went the Bob Hope route [i.e., touring to entertain military personnel] because I had uncles who died in the war, and I thought it was a shame to blame the boys who were drafted. The Joni Project Quartet, featuring Katie Pearlman, formed as a tribute in sound and spirit to Joni, and is quite simply the finest on the scene today. Country singer George Hamilton IV heard Rush performing it and recorded a hit country version. He is an iconic figure who was part of a duo that was Chuck and Joni Mitchell until their divorce. Selections from that night's performances were released on DVD,[93] along with a separate CD release. [68], In an interview with the Ottawa Citizen in October 2006, Mitchell "revealed that she was recording her first collection of new songs in nearly a decade", but gave few other details.
Who Is Joni Mitchell's Husband? Here Are The Details! [16] Her mother's ancestors were Scottish and Irish;[17] her father was from a Norwegian family that possibly had some Smi ancestry. [100][101] On the same day, Mitchell released Early Joni 1963 and Live at Canterbury House 1967 (both culled from the 5-CD box set) as standalone vinyl releases. This is Mitchell's most-covered song by far, with over 1,200 versions recorded at latest count. [26][27] One unconventional teacher, Arthur Kratzmann, made an impact on her, stimulating her to write poetry; her first album includes a dedication to him. Alanis Morissette also mentions Mitchell in one of her songs, "Your House". I have known this man for years. "The churches came after me", she wrote, "they attacked me, though the Episcopalian Church, which I've seen described as the only church in America which actually uses its head, wrote me a letter of congratulation."[17].